How the universe came into being. How the universe was formed. Theories of the formation of the universe When the universe was created

What is the Universe? If it is capacious, then it is with ummah of all that exists. This is all time, space, matter and energy, formed and expanding for the past 13.8 billion years. No one can say for sure how vast the expanses of our world are and there are no exact predictions of the final yet.

Definition of the Universe

The word "universe" itself comes from the Latin " universum". It was first used by Cicero, and after him it became generally accepted among Roman authors. The concept meant the world and space. At that time, people in these words saw the Earth, all known living beings, the Moon, the Sun, planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) and stars.

Sometimes instead of "Universe" they use " space”, which is translated from Greek as “peace”. In addition, “nature” and “everything” appeared among the terms.

In the modern concept, they contain everything that exists in the Universe - our system, the Milky Way and other structures. It also includes all types of energy, space-time and physical laws.

One of the main questions that do not come out of human consciousness has always been and is the question: how did the universe come into existence?". Of course, there is no unequivocal answer to this question, and it is unlikely to be received in the near future, however, science is working in this direction and forming a certain theoretical model of the origin of our Universe.

Theories of the origin of the universe

Creationism: God created everything

Among all theories about the origin of the universe, this one appeared the very first. A very good and convenient version, which, perhaps, will always be relevant. By the way, many physicists, despite the fact that science and religion are often presented as opposite concepts, believed in God.

For example, Albert Einstein spoke:

“Every serious natural scientist must be in some way a religious person. Otherwise, he is unable to imagine that the incredibly subtle interdependencies that he observes are not invented by him.

The Big Bang Theory (hot universe model)

Perhaps the most common and most recognized model of the origin of our universe. It answers the question - how the chemical elements were formed and why their abundance is exactly the same as it is now observed.

According to this theory, about 14 billion years ago, there was no space and time, and the entire mass of the universe was concentrated in a tiny point with incredible density - at the singularity. Once, due to the heterogeneity that arose in it, the so-called Big Bang occurred. And since then, the universe has been constantly expanding and cooling.

The Big Bang Theory

The first 10 -43 seconds after the Big Bang is called stage of quantum chaos. The nature of the universe at this stage of existence cannot be described within the framework of physics known to us. There is a disintegration of a continuous single space-time into quanta.

After 10,000 years, the energy of matter gradually exceeds the energy of radiation and their separation occurs. The substance begins to dominate over the radiation, there is relic background.

The Big Bang Theory got a firmer footing after the discovery of the cosmological redshift and the CMB. These two phenomena are the strongest arguments in favor of the correctness of the theory.

Also, the separation of matter with radiation significantly increased the initial inhomogeneities in the distribution of matter, as a result of which they began to form galaxies and supergalaxies. Laws of the Universe came to the form in which we observe them today.

Expanding Universe Model

It is now known for certain that Galaxies and other space objects are moving away from each other, which means that the Universe is expanding.

The model of the expanding Universe describes the very fact of expansion. In the general case, it is not considered when and why the Universe began to expand. Most models are based on the general theory of relativity and its geometric view of the nature of gravity.

Redshift- this is the decrease in radiation frequencies observed for distant sources, which is explained by the distance of sources (galaxies, quasars) from each other. This fact indicates that the universe is expanding.

CMB radiation- it's like the echoes of a big bang. Previously, the Universe was a hot plasma that gradually cooled down. Ever since those distant times, the so-called wandering photons have remained in the Universe, which form the background cosmic radiation. Previously, at higher temperatures of the Universe, this radiation was much more powerful. Now its spectrum corresponds to the radiation spectrum of an absolutely solid body with a temperature of only 2.7 Kelvin.

The theory of evolution of large-scale structures

As the data on the cosmic background show, at the moment of separation of radiation from matter The universe was virtually homogeneous, fluctuations of matter were extremely small, and this is a significant problem.

The second problem is the cellular structure of superclusters of galaxies and, at the same time, the spherical structure of smaller clusters. Any theory attempting to explain the origin of the large-scale structure of the universe must necessarily solve these two problems.

The modern theory of the formation of a large-scale structure, as well as individual galaxies, is called " hierarchical theory».

The bottom line is that at first the galaxies were small in size (about Magellanic clouds a), but over time they merge, forming ever larger galaxies.

Recently, the validity of the theory has been called into question.

String theory

This hypothesis to some extent refutes the Big Bang as the initial moment of the emergence of elements of outer space.

According to string theory, The universe has always existed. The hypothesis describes the interaction and structure of matter, where there is a certain set of particles that are divided into quarks, bosons and leptons. In simple terms, these elements are the basis of the universe, since their size is so small that division into other components has become impossible.

A distinctive feature of the theory of how the universe was formed is the statement about the aforementioned particles, which are ultramicroscopic strings that are constantly vibrating. Individually, they do not have a material form, being the energy that together creates all the physical elements of the cosmos.

An example in this situation is fire: looking at it, it seems to be matter, but it is intangible.

Chaotic inflation theory - Andrey Linde's theory

According to this theory, there is scalar field, which is inhomogeneous throughout its volume. That is, in different regions of the universe, the scalar field has a different meaning. Then, in areas where the field is weak, nothing happens, while areas with a strong field begin to expand (inflation) due to its energy, thus forming new universes.

Such a scenario implies the existence of many worlds, which have arisen non-simultaneously and have their own set of elementary particles, and, consequently, the laws of nature.

Lee Smolin's theory

This theory is well known and suggests that the Big Bang is not the beginning of the existence of the Universe, but only a phase transition between its two states. Since before the Big Bang the Universe existed in the form of a cosmological singularity, close in nature to the singularity of a black hole, Smolin suggests that The universe could have originated from a black hole.

Evolution of the Universe

How did the process of development and evolution of the Universe take place? Over the next billion years, gravity caused denser regions to pull on each other. In this process, gas clouds, stars, galactic structures and other celestial objects were formed.

This period is called Structural Age, since it was in this time period that the modern Universe was born. The visible matter was distributed into various formations (stars into galaxies, and those into clusters and superclusters).

What happened before the universe

It is difficult to imagine a time 13.7 billion years before today, when the entire universe was a singularity. According to big bang theory, one of the main contenders for the role of explaining where the Universe and all matter in space came from - everything was compressed into a point smaller than a subatomic particle. But if it's still acceptable, consider this: What happened before the Big Bang happened?

This question of modern cosmology goes back as far as the fourth century AD. 1600 years ago theologian Augustine the Blessed, as well as one of the best physicists in 20th century Albert Einstein tried to understand nature before the creation of the universe. They came to the conclusion that there was simply no "before".

Various theories are put forward at present.

Theory of the Multiverse

What if our Universe is a descendant of another, older Universe? Some astrophysicists believe that the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from the big bang will help shed light on this story.

According to this theory, in the first moments of its existence, the universe began to expand extremely rapidly. The theory also explains the temperature and density of fluctuations of the relic radiation and suggests that these fluctuations should be the same.

But, as it turned out, no. Recent studies have made it clear that the universe is actually one-sided, with more fluctuations in some areas than others. Some cosmologists believe that this observation confirms that our universe had a "mother" (!)

In the theory of chaotic inflation, this idea gains momentum: the endless progression of inflationary bubbles gives rise to an abundance of universes, and each of them gives rise to even more inflationary bubbles in a huge number. multiverse.

Theory of white and black holes

However, there are models that try to explain the formation of the singularity before the big bang. If you're thinking about black holes how about giant garbage cans, they are prime candidates for initial contraction, so our expanding universe could very well be white hole- the outlet of a black hole, and each black hole in our universe can contain a separate universe.

big jump

Other scientists believe that the formation of the singularity is based on a cycle called " big jump”, in which the expanding universe eventually collapses into itself, giving rise to another singularity, which, again, gives rise to another big bang.

This process will be eternal, and all singularities and all collapses will not represent anything other than a transition to another phase of the existence of the Universe.

Theory of the cyclic universe

The last explanation we'll look at uses the idea of a cyclic universe generated by string theory. It suggests that new matter and energy flows emerge every trillion years when two membranes or branes that lie beyond our dimensions collide.

What happened before the Big Bang? The question remains open. Maybe nothing. Maybe a different universe, or a different version of ours. Maybe an ocean of Universes, each of which has its own set of laws and constants that dictate the nature of physical reality.

Problems of Modern Models of the Birth and Evolution of the Universe

Many theories about the universe have recently faced problems, both theoretical and, more importantly, observational in nature:

Question about the shape of the universe is an important open question in cosmology. Speaking mathematically, we are faced with the problem of finding a three-dimensional spatial section of the Universe, that is, such a figure that best represents the spatial aspect of the Universe.
unknown whether the universe is globally spatially flat, that is, whether the laws apply Euclidean geometry on the largest scale.
It is also not known whether the universe is singly connected or multiply connected. According to the standard expansion model, the universe has no spatial boundaries, but may be spatially finite.
There are suggestions that The universe was originally born rotating. The classical concept of origin is the idea of the isotropy of the Big Bang, that is, the distribution of energy equally in all directions. However, a competing hypothesis about the presence of an initial moment of rotation of the Universe appeared and received some confirmation.

How everything works. How the universe was created

"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." I have never been a fan of the Christian religion, although I respect it like any other faith, because I understood a long time ago: all religions tell the truth, only it is hidden by stratifications of different meanings, supplemented, changed, lost during transmission from one person to another. All religions began with one person who saw and understood something, and then they began to live their own lives, changing to the logic of other people who tried to explain other people's visions with their understanding of the world, adjusting it to existing knowledge. And of course, politics plays its role in any religion, and those people who came to power often change the meaning of what was once said.

So, in the beginning there was a word, more precisely, the program that created our world, which is fully included in the concept of "word". “It was in the beginning with God, everything came into being through Him, and without Him nothing came into being that came into being.”

The "Word" came to us from another universe, a hole opened in the shell of our universe, and a stream of pure energy burst into it, carrying a program for the creation of a new world.

Our scientists at the Hadron Collider really want to see this moment:

“... The existence of the Universe began from a state of vacuum, devoid of matter and radiation. It is assumed that a certain hypothetical field filled the whole space with itself, taking different values in arbitrary spatial regions, until a homogeneous configuration of this field with a size of the order of 10^-33 (to the minus 33rd power) centimeters randomly arose. Immediately after this, this spatial region began to grow very rapidly in size. In one second, our Universe acquired a size of about 1 cm in diameter, at that moment the accumulated kinetic energy was transformed into expanding elementary particles, and the notorious Big Bang occurred.

This is how the creation of the universe is explained. Scientists cannot say that energy appeared at one point at one point, because a hole opened into another universe, then they will have to admit the existence of God, and this is now unfashionable.

Physicists need the Big Bang to explain the run-off of matter in different directions - perhaps because without it they would have to assume that there are many universes, and they somehow transfer energy to each other, and then the picture of the world will become completely incomprehensible. Perhaps that is why a hole from another universe, from which the energy flow appeared, does not suit them.

“...According to the quantum model, elementary particles can spontaneously appear and disappear in vacuum, which is the reason for the emergence of matter and the Universe. Vacuum itself is neutral: it has neither mass, nor charge, nor any other characteristics. But it is likely that the vacuum contains a certain matrix of the possible, in accordance with which matter and radiation are created ... "

That is, scientists recognize the possibility of the existence of a program to create a new universe in a vacuum, they are forced to agree that the universe could not have appeared by chance.

In 1965, researchers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson accidentally discovered a hitherto unknown form of radiation. This radiation is called "cosmic background radiation". It was unlike any other radiation in the universe due to its extraordinary uniformity. It was not localized in any particular place and did not have any particular source. On the contrary, it was distributed equally everywhere. It has been suggested that this radiation is an echo of the Big Bang that arose in the initial moments of the cataclysm. Penzias and Wilson received the Nobel Prize for this discovery.

And the American astrophysicist Hugh Ross went further and suggested that the creator of the Universe is the one who stands above all physical dimensions: “By definition, time is such a dimension that contains causes and effects. No time - no cause and effect. If the beginning of time coincides with the beginning of the Universe, as the theory of cosmic time states, then in the Universe the cause must be an entity operating in some time dimension, completely independent and existing before the time dimension of the cosmos ... This suggests that the Creator is transcendental and operates outside boundaries of the universe. It also shows that the Creator is not the Universe itself, nor is He located within the Universe.”

I can add to this that it once struck me that neither the gods, nor the entities, nor other beings living in the subtle world, know what time is, it simply does not exist for them. This is important for us, because our life is short. We measure everything that happens on it. We have marks for observing time: day, night, seasons, birth, growing up, death, besides, we live in a changing world, and energy entities live in immovable eternity. In the subtle world there is only energy and nothing else, and we are all only energy.

Where did my knowledge of the beginning come from? It came from my attempts to understand the world. Honestly, once I really wanted to see a big bang. I plunged into a trance and began to move into the past, counting billions of years. The lifetime of our universe is known, it is about fourteen billion years, it was calculated by physicists from the speed of expansion from the point of explosion. Now, however, they are not so confident in their calculations, because they suddenly discovered that the universe does not expand linearly, that some other principle is laid down, that it may periodically contract and then expand again, and perhaps even infinite.

I’ll tell you what I saw, and I’ll say right away that I was upset that I didn’t manage to see the big explosion, but I really wanted to watch beautiful fireworks that would open our universe, but alas ...

So, in a deep trance, I got to the beginning of our universe and prepared to watch the big bang. But, alas, I did not see matter collected at one point, nor a large firework. True, it must be admitted, everything looked like after a big fire, when the fire raged and went away: everything was lifeless: stars, planets, space itself. There is little light energy, but dark energy practically covered the entire universe.

I was looking for a point where the whole universe would gather, but suddenly I saw something that I could not understand for a long time. At the site of the alleged big bang, a hole suddenly appeared, from which a sparkling stream of silvery energy escaped. Later I realized that he was programmed to destroy the old and create a new universe. The stream rushed forward, washing away the stars and planets of the old universe, as a river washes away sandy hills during a flood, and where it passed, stars and planets were born, already created according to a new program.

It was this release of energy, carrying a new universe in itself, that created the effect of that very recession of galaxies, it was he who left behind that same background cosmic radiation, or, as it is sometimes called, relic radiation, in which the program for building a new universe and developing life lives and operates .

The periodic system of Mendeleev started from zero, the first and main element was the ether, the mass of which was equal to zero, it was from it, according to the great scientist, that all matter appeared. It seems that he was right, but those who removed the ether from his system were at least short-sighted, however, to recognize the ether then, it was to recognize God.

The very program of the universe is incredibly complex. If you take a couple of packs of printer paper for five hundred sheets of A4 format, then the program for building all life on our planet contains only one thin sheet, everything else relates to the creation of the universe itself.

For me, what I saw was an unimaginable shock, I wanted to see a big explosion, and not some incomprehensible flow of energy that gushed from another universe, carrying a program for building a new world. But I saw exactly this, even though I returned to this point more than a dozen times. It was strange to understand that it was thanks to the new program that the first material particles appeared, which, sticking together, created atoms of the first substance - hydrogen, and it, gathering into clouds, thickening under the influence of gravity of the main law of the universe, formed stars.

Here is what physicists write about it:

“... All hydrogen in the Universe, and a significant part of helium, were born within the first few minutes after the beginning of the world. The first stars to form were composed almost entirely of hydrogen, stars got their energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei to form helium, and then fusing helium with heavier elements, then all the other elements are obtained, including carbon, oxygen, silicon, iron, and so on. Further.

When a star ejects its shell like a supernova, most of the material is carried out into outer space. The thermal energy of the explosion contributes to the creation of even more elements. After enough supernovae have occurred, the interstellar matter already contains a significant amount of the stuff produced in the stars - along with the hydrogen and helium that have been here since the beginning…”

The most interesting thing is that the elements are created in such a way that they can be placed according to clear signs in one large table - the one that Mendeleev saw. The elements are obviously created according to the same program, and this is best indicated by the fact that they cannot have a mass greater than a certain value.

And no matter how physicists try to create new superheavy elements in particle accelerators, the newly created elements do not live long, they are hindered by a limitation in the program, under the influence of which they decay into other elements. This limitation is logical and understandable, otherwise, in the end, under the influence of one of the four main forces that control our universe recognized by modern physics, all matter would stick together into one huge lump of matter - similar to the one that kind of preceded the big bang, and life would become impossible.

The irony is that man, based on this limitation in the program that creates life, has created a nuclear weapon that brings death.

Everything in our universe is governed by these forces, known to us as the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the large nuclear force, and the small nuclear force. Large and small nuclear forces act at the level of the atom. The other two, gravitational and electromagnetic forces, control the accumulation of atoms, in other words, "matter".

Michael Denton, a molecular biologist, addresses this issue in his book The Purpose of Nature: “If, for example, the force of gravity were a trillion times stronger, the universe would be much smaller and its life would be much shorter. The average star would have a trillion times less mass, and its life cycle would be equal to one year. On the other hand, if the gravitational force were less strong, neither stars nor galaxies would form. Other indicators and their ratios are just as critical. If the large nuclear force were a little weaker, the only permanent element would be hydrogen, and no other atoms could exist.

If it were stronger than the electromagnetic force, the atomic nucleus, consisting of only two protons, would become a permanent feature of the universe, which would mean the absence of hydrogen; and if stars and galaxies did exist, they would be completely different from what we have now. It is clear that if the various forces and constants did not have exactly the indicators that they have, there would be no stars, no supernovas, no planets, no atoms, no life.

I can add to this that, in my opinion, the gods play with the parameters of these four forces, creating life in other universes, so it differs, even though the program as a whole is the same.

But let's continue ... First, huge stars appeared, they grew and grew until they gained a critical mass, then they exploded, turning into a cloud of transformed matter, material for the first planets on which life was supposed to appear.

Our solar system formed from a cloud that had a lot of carbon, oxygen, silicon, iron, etc. These elements turned out to be enough to bring them together in a rotating nebula, and then form the Sun, Earth and other planets. But our system is not the first; there are many such planetary systems.

As soon as the temperature began to drop, water came to Earth. Where? Scientists believe that from space, from comets, which are essentially fragments of broken planets. Everything is logical and correct, the dead always gives new life. Water created the oceans, heated up, created the conditions for the emergence of life. And after millions of years, the simplest organisms began to stir in the ocean, which, according to the program, began to turn into the first living beings. Over time, their mind began to develop, and with it the soul, which was born after the death of the first living intelligent being. I will add that the mind exists from the lowest to the highest animals, it is incorporated in the program for the development of living beings, this is the norm, not the exception, as our scientists try to present. All living things develop according to one program, and the mind is a common thing. The fact that we do not recognize its existence for other creatures does not mean that it does not exist, it tells more about human stupidity and narcissism.

The mind gives birth to the soul, which is its energy imprint. The first soul went up and immediately went down, incarnating in a new body, moving on to a new round of its development. Thus, a new energy substance began to emerge, in order to turn into the first god of our universe in hundreds of millions of years. He hung over the planet, where life had completed its task, waited until everything on it died as a result of some kind of cataclysm, and then, carrying out the program, moved to the nearest planet on which new life had appeared.

Hanging next to her, the first god began to actively help the emergence of new gods, creating a cycle of souls in which we also spin. Over time, he raised two archangels, who also later turned into gods, and then found their planets with life, then each of them raised two new archangels, and they flew on, looking for planets with life that appeared on them. The soul development program works just like that.

How do I know this? This is easy to verify.

The first god hangs in the void next to a dead planet, near a dead star, and not far from him, at their planets, there are two huge gods, whom he helped to be born. This is how the program works, and its ultimate goal is not living beings on the planets, but the gods - truly intelligent and unrestricted energy beings. And the program is still running, creating new gods on our planet. The age of our universe is about 14 billion years, and the Earth is only three and a half billion. The first life did not appear with us, we are not the first intelligent beings in this universe and certainly not the last. It is clear that the creation of life on our planet has not ended, somewhere further in the universe a new life is being created or has already appeared.

Six billion years before the death of our universe, life will arise on more than one planet, and life will die on more than one. The whole process of creating a substance is started for the sake of it, the whole program works for it. Each atom in the universe appears in order for a new being to appear, capable of developing energetically, if you want - spiritually, because the task of the program is nothing more, nothing less than the creation of new gods. For God is nothing but a huge energy formation, a kind of overgrown soul with a complex internal structure.

And each newly born god goes to the planet with life and there helps to develop two new gods. A god also hangs around our planet, and his goal is also for two developed souls to turn into gods - a kind of chain reaction is obtained. Each soul has a chance to become a god, but only two will be helped, the rest will also be given chances, but later. The selection will take place, the best will become gods, someone else will get an additional chance, the rest will die, because everything has a beginning and everything has an end.

There is an end to our universe. Its very death of the universe, however, is no different from the beginning: a hole opens into another universe, and a stream of energy comes out of it with a new program that blurs everything: planets, stars, gods hanging in empty space, thereby starting a new cycle of life . The end of the old is the beginning of the new universe. In about six billion years, our universe will disappear, dissolved by a new energy flow, giving way to the next. This is the meaning of renewal and variability of the world.

Once it surprised and puzzled me, it turned out some kind of nonsense, the program created gods in order to kill them later. But later I realized that this is not just a new life and a new death, but everything carries its own special semantic load. That in fact the program for the creation of the universe is not only a program for the creation of gods, it is also a selection. Of the billions of souls, everyone has a chance to turn into a god, but only two souls will actually turn into archangels, the rest - those who can, will go to other planets to try again, while others will die along with life on the planet. It is possible that the idea of the Last Judgment emerged from this future spied on by one of the ancient ancestors.

True, God will not judge anyone, those who lived righteous and developed spiritually, that is, increased the energy of the soul, will fly away with the archangels, the rest will die from a lack of energy. Everything is fair, every soul is given a chance, and what she spends her personal business on - the outcome is described in all religions, like the Last Judgment.

But also among the gods, a selection is being made, only the best of them will be able to go to another universe, when the hole opens, and continue their development there, the rest will die ingloriously, because the new stream has the ability to remove from the structure of the gods what is wrong, does not correspond to the program .

Our universe is not the first. It is not known how many there were before, and how many will be after. But the main meaning of its appearance and existence is the creation of gods who can go further.

Energy turns into matter in order to turn into energy again, but already structured, with intelligence, and unlimited possibilities for further development. First to the soul, then to God. This is how everything is arranged, and there is great wisdom in this. However, it's a little disappointing when the selection is carried out by someone, and not by ourselves. So, the main thing is the soul. It's time to figure out how it works. It begins with a protective shell, with an aura ...

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Inhomogeneous universe

Microscopic particles that human vision can only see with a microscope, as well as huge planets and clusters of stars, amaze the imagination of people. Since ancient times, our ancestors have tried to comprehend the principles of the formation of the cosmos, but even in the modern world there is still no exact answer to the question “how the Universe was formed”. Perhaps the human mind is not given to find a solution to such a global problem?

Scientists from different eras from all over the Earth tried to comprehend this secret. The basis of all theoretical explanations are assumptions and calculations. Numerous hypotheses put forward by scientists are designed to create an idea of the Universe and explain the emergence of its large-scale structure, chemical elements and describe the chronology of origin.

String theory

To some extent, it refutes the Big Bang as the initial moment of the emergence of elements of outer space. According to the universe has always existed. The hypothesis describes the interaction and structure of matter, where there is a certain set of particles that are divided into quarks, bosons and leptons. In simple terms, these elements are the basis of the universe, since their size is so small that division into other components has become impossible.

Big bang - the first scientific hypothesis

The author of this assumption was the astronomer Edwin Hubble, who in 1929 noticed that galaxies are gradually moving away from each other. The theory claims that the current large universe originated from a particle that had a microscopic size. The future elements of the universe were in a singular state, in which it is impossible to obtain data on pressure, temperature or density. The laws of physics under such conditions do not affect energy and matter.

The cause of the Big Bang is called the instability that arose inside the particle. Peculiar fragments, spreading in space, formed a nebula. After some time, these smallest elements formed the atoms from which the galaxies, stars and planets of the Universe arose as we know them today.

space inflation

This theory of the birth of the universe claims that the modern world was originally placed in an infinitesimal point, which is in a state of singularity, which began to expand at an incredible speed. After a very short period of time, its increase already exceeded the speed of light. This process is called "inflation".

The main task of the hypothesis is to explain not how the Universe was formed, but the reasons for its expansion and the concept of a cosmic singularity. As a result of working on this theory, it became clear that only calculations and results based on theoretical methods are applicable to solve this problem.

creationism

This theory dominated for a long time until the end of the 19th century. According to creationism, the organic world, mankind, the Earth and the greater Universe as a whole were created by God. The hypothesis originated among scientists who did not refute Christianity as an explanation for the history of the universe.

Creationism is the main opponent of evolution. All nature, created by God in six days, which we see every day, was originally like this and remains unchanged to this day. That is, self-development as such did not exist.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the acceleration of the accumulation of knowledge in the field of physics, astronomy, mathematics and biology begins. With the help of new information, scientists are making repeated attempts to explain how the universe was formed, thereby relegating creationism to the background. In the modern world, this theory has taken the form of a philosophical current, consisting of religion as a basis, as well as myths, facts, and even scientific knowledge.

Stephen Hawking's Anthropic Principle

His hypothesis as a whole can be described in a few words: there are no random events. Our Earth today has more than 40 characteristics, without which life on the planet would not exist.

The American astrophysicist H. Ross estimated the probability of random events. As a result, the scientist received the number 10 with a power of -53 (if the last number is less than 40, chance is considered impossible).

The observable universe contains a trillion galaxies, each containing approximately 100 billion stars. Based on this, the number of planets in the Universe is 10 to the twentieth power, which is 33 orders of magnitude less than in the previous calculation. Consequently, in all space there are no such unique places with conditions as on Earth that would allow the spontaneous emergence of life.

One of the main questions that do not come out of human consciousness has always been and is the question: “how did the Universe appear?”. Of course, there is no unequivocal answer to this question, and it is unlikely to be received in the near future, however, science is working in this direction and forming a certain theoretical model of the origin of our Universe. First of all, we should consider the main properties of the Universe, which should be described within the framework of the cosmological model:

The model must take into account the observed distances between objects, as well as the speed and direction of their movement. Such calculations are based on the Hubble law: cz =H0D, where z- redshift of the object, D- distance to this object, c is the speed of light.
The age of the Universe in the model must exceed the age of the oldest objects in the world.
The model must take into account the initial abundance of elements.
The model must take into account the observable .
The model must take into account the observed relict background.

Let us briefly consider the generally accepted theory of the origin and early evolution of the Universe, which is supported by the majority of scientists. Today, the Big Bang theory refers to the combination of the hot universe model with the Big Bang. And although these concepts first existed independently of each other, as a result of their combination, it was possible to explain the initial chemical composition of the Universe, as well as the presence of cosmic microwave background radiation.

According to this theory, the Universe arose about 13.77 billion years ago from some dense heated object - which is difficult to describe within the framework of modern physics. The problem with the cosmological singularity, among other things, is that when describing it, most physical quantities, such as density and temperature, tend to infinity. At the same time, it is known that at infinite density (the measure of chaos) should tend to zero, which is in no way compatible with infinite temperature.

- The first 10 -43 seconds after the Big Bang is called the stage of quantum chaos. The nature of the universe at this stage of existence cannot be described within the framework of physics known to us. There is a disintegration of a continuous single space-time into quanta.

The Planck moment is the moment of the end of quantum chaos, which falls on 10 -43 seconds. At this moment, the parameters of the Universe were equal, like the Planck temperature (about 10 32 K). At the time of the Planck era, all four fundamental interactions (weak, strong, electromagnetic and gravitational) were combined into a single interaction. It is not possible to consider the Planck moment as a certain long period, since modern physics does not work with parameters less than the Planck ones.
Stage. The next stage in the history of the universe was the inflationary stage. At the first moment of inflation, the gravitational interaction separated from a single supersymmetric field (previously including the fields of fundamental interactions). During this period, the matter has a negative pressure, which causes an exponential increase in the kinetic energy of the Universe. Simply put, during this period, the Universe began to swell very quickly, and towards the end, the energy of physical fields turns into the energy of ordinary particles. At the end of this stage, the temperature of the substance and radiation increases significantly. Along with the end of the inflation stage, a strong interaction also emerges. Also at this moment arises.
The stage of radiation dominance. The next stage in the development of the Universe, which includes several stages. At this stage, the temperature of the Universe begins to decrease, quarks are formed, then hadrons and leptons. In the era of nucleosynthesis, the formation of initial chemical elements occurs, helium is synthesized. However, radiation still dominates matter.
The era of the dominance of matter. After 10,000 years, the energy of matter gradually exceeds the energy of radiation and their separation occurs. The substance begins to dominate over the radiation, a relict background appears. Also, the separation of matter with radiation significantly increased the initial inhomogeneities in the distribution of matter, as a result of which galaxies and supergalaxies began to form. Laws of the Universe came to the form in which we observe them today.

The above picture is composed of several fundamental theories and gives a general idea of the formation of the Universe in the early stages of its existence.

Where did the universe come from?

If the Universe originated from a cosmological singularity, then where did the singularity come from? It is not yet possible to give an exact answer to this question. Let's consider some cosmological models that affect the "birth of the Universe".

Cyclic models

These models are based on the assertion that the Universe has always existed and over time its state only changes, moving from expansion to contraction - and vice versa.

Steinhardt-Turok model. This model is based on string theory (M-theory), as it uses such an object as a "brane". According to this model, the visible Universe is located inside a 3-brane, which periodically, every few trillion years, collides with another 3-brane, which causes a kind of Big Bang. Further, our 3-brane begins to move away from the other and expand. At some point, the share of dark energy takes precedence and the rate of expansion of the 3-brane increases. The colossal expansion scatters matter and radiation to such an extent that the world becomes almost homogeneous and empty. Eventually the 3-branes collide again, causing ours to return to the initial phase of its cycle, re-creating our "Universe".

The theory of Loris Baum and Paul Frampton also states that the universe is cyclical. According to their theory, after the Big Bang, the latter will expand due to dark energy until it approaches the moment of "disintegration" of space-time itself - the Big Rip. As you know, in a "closed system, entropy does not decrease" (the second law of thermodynamics). It follows from this statement that the Universe cannot return to its original state, since during such a process the entropy must decrease. However, this problem is solved within the framework of this theory. According to the theory of Baum and Frampton, in a moment before the Big Rip, the Universe breaks up into many "rags", each of which has a rather small value of entropy. Experiencing a number of phase transitions, these "patches" of the former Universe give rise to matter and develop similarly to the original Universe. These new worlds do not interact with each other, as they fly apart at a speed greater than the speed of light. Thus, scientists also avoided the cosmological singularity, which begins the birth of the Universe according to most cosmological theories. That is, at the moment of the end of its cycle, the Universe breaks up into many other non-interacting worlds, which will become new universes.
Conformal cyclic cosmology - cyclic model by Roger Penrose and Vahagn Gurzadyan. According to this model, the Universe is able to move into a new cycle without violating the second law of thermodynamics. This theory is based on the assumption that black holes destroy the absorbed information, which in some way "legitimately" lowers the entropy of the universe. Then each such cycle of existence of the Universe begins with the likeness of the Big Bang and ends with a singularity.

Other Models for the Origin of the Universe

Among other hypotheses explaining the appearance of the visible Universe, the following two are most popular:

The chaotic theory of inflation is the theory of Andrey Linde. According to this theory, there is some scalar field, which is non-uniform throughout its volume. That is, in different regions of the universe, the scalar field has a different meaning. Then, in areas where the field is weak, nothing happens, while areas with a strong field begin to expand (inflation) due to its energy, thus forming new universes. Such a scenario implies the existence of many worlds that did not arise simultaneously and have their own set of elementary particles, and, consequently, the laws of nature.
Lee Smolin's theory - suggests that the Big Bang is not the beginning of the existence of the Universe, but is only a phase transition between its two states. Since before the Big Bang the Universe existed in the form of a cosmological singularity, close in nature to the singularity of a black hole, Smolin suggests that the Universe could have arisen from a black hole.

Results

Despite the fact that cyclic and other models answer a number of questions that the Big Bang theory cannot answer, including the problem of the cosmological singularity. Yet, together with the inflationary theory, the Big Bang more fully explains the origin of the Universe, and also converges with many observations.

Today, researchers continue to intensively study possible scenarios for the origin of the Universe, however, to give an irrefutable answer to the question “How did the Universe appear?” — is unlikely to happen in the near future. There are two reasons for this: direct proof of cosmological theories is practically impossible, only indirect; even theoretically there is no way to get accurate information about the world before the Big Bang. For these two reasons, scientists can only put forward hypotheses and build cosmological models that will most accurately describe the nature of the Universe we observe.

Now there is a huge number of assumptions about the possible origin of the universe. But none of them can give a clear answer to the main question of how it appeared.

It is paradoxical that after studying and analyzing one of the theories and finding a sufficient number of convincing judgments in it, understanding the other theory also provides a considerable number of arguments.

That is why the search for an unambiguous answer to this question has been going on for many years.

At the moment, there are 3 main theories of the origin of the universe:

theological;
The Big Bang Theory";
scientific and philosophical theory.

Theological approach

If we consider one of the oldest theories of the origin of the Universe, described in the Bible, then the origin of the world dates back to 5508 BC.

The theological point of view about the origin of the world has been known for a long time, but its supporters are mainly deeply religious people and the clergy.

This theory is most often criticized by scientists who look at the origin of the world and its structure in a completely different way.

If we turn to the explanatory dictionary, we will read there that the Universe is a worldview system that includes cosmic infinity and all the bodies in it.

A more alternative definition of the concept of "Universe" is "a bunch of stellar bodies and galaxies."

The big bang is the beginning of the universe

From a scientific point of view, the most popular theory explaining the origin of the universe is the so-called "Big Bang" theory.

This version says that about 20 billion years ago the Universe looked like a small grain of sand. But despite the meager size of this substance, its density was more than 1100 g/cm3. Naturally, at that time this substance did not include stars, planets or galaxies. It represented only a certain potential for the creation of many celestial bodies.

The high density caused an explosion that could divide a grain of sand into millions of parts, from which the Universe was formed.

There is another theory of the origin of the universe. Its essence echoes the Big Bang theory. The only exception is the fact that in the second theory the Universe supposedly did not arise from matter, but from vacuum. In other words, the world came into being as a result of an explosion in a vacuum.

The word "vacuum" is translated from Latin as "emptiness", but by emptiness it is customary to understand not the generally accepted meaning of this word, but a certain state in which all things exist. Vacuum tends to change its structure in the same way as water does, turning into a solid or gas. In the process of one of these transitions from one state to another, an explosion occurred that gave birth to the Universe.

The development of the "Big Bang" theory made it possible to answer many important questions, but at the same time posed even more new ones for scientists. For example, what led to the instability of the singularity point and what state did the particle have before the big bang? One of the main mysteries remains the origin and nature of space and time.

Scientific and philosophical theory

In addition to theological and scientific hypotheses that explain the origin of the Universe, there is also a scientific and philosophical approach to this issue.

The scientific and philosophical theory considers the creation of the Universe by a certain reasonable Beginning. This approach implies the impermanent existence of the world, since there is a fixed point of origin. The theory also describes the constant growth and development of the universe. Such conclusions were made by scientists involved in the study of the composition and radiance of stellar bodies.

“Studies of the Milky Way, carried out in the 30s of the twentieth century, found that the stellar radiance is shifted towards the red region of the spectrum and the more distant the star is from the Earth, the more pronounced it is. It was this fact that became the basis for the conclusions of scientists about the constant growth and expansion of the Universe.

The universe, which is constantly photographed by scientists, is constantly changing.

Another fact confirming the expansion of the universe is a phenomenon called the "death" of a star.

According to the chemical composition, the body of a star consists of hydrogen, which takes part in many reactions and turns into heavier elements. After most of the hydrogen has reacted, the "death" of the star occurs. Some theories claim that the planets are the result of this phenomenon.

These studies confirmed another assumption: hydrogen decay is a natural and irreversible process, and the Universe is moving towards its end.

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