Message on the topic of Yakov Petrovich Polonsky. Brief biography of Polonsky. Poet Yakov Polonsky: brief biography, creativity, poems and interesting facts Full biography - Polonsky Ya. P

From 1831 he studied at the Ryazan gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1838. He began writing poetry while still in high school.

From 1838 to 1844 he studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. The first published poem by Polonsky - "The sacred Annunciation sounds solemnly ..."

The first collection of poems of the poet was published in 1844 and was called "Gammas".

In 1844 Polonsky moved to Odessa, and then in 1846 to Tiflis. In Tiflis, he enters the service in the office and becomes the editor of the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin". At the same time, he actively writes poetry, his favorite genre is ballads and poems.

In the 1950s, collections of Polonsky's poems were published in the Sovremennik magazine. Even then, the poet formed a rejection of political themes in poetry, his lyrics are personal and subjective.

Since 1855, Polonsky was a home teacher.

In 1857, Yakov Petrovich went abroad with his family, where he taught. He visits Italy, and since 1858 lives in Paris. In France, Polonsky marries E. V. Ustyugskaya.

In 1860 Polonsky returned to Russia and lived in St. Petersburg. Here he experiences a personal tragedy: the death of a child and the death of his wife. From 1858, Polonsky worked as the editor of the Russian Word magazine, and in 1860 he entered the service of the Foreign Censorship Committee, where he worked until 1896.

Criticism was ambiguous about Polonsky's work. In Russia, there were strong tendencies to involve writers in public life, and Polonsky believed that the poet should not and does not have the right to engage in politics. This served as a pretext for Pisarev's and Saltykov-Shchedrin's sharp condemnation of Olon's creativity, but the poet remained true to his principles.

The second wife of Polonsky was Josephine Rulman, who became a faithful companion and friend of the poet.

Born in Ryazan in a poor noble family. In 1838 he graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium. Yakov Polonsky considered the beginning of his literary activity in 1837, when he presented one of his poems to the Tsarevich, the future Tsar Alexander II, who traveled around Russia accompanied by his tutor.

In 1838, Yakov Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduating in 1844). In his student years, he became close with and who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. He also met with P. Chaadaev, T. Granovsky. In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840, Polonsky's poem "The Holy Blagovesh solemnly sounds ..." was first published in the journal Moskvityanin and in the student almanac Underground Keys.

In 1844, Polonsky's first collection of poetry, Gamma, was published, in which his influence is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (, etc.). In this genre, the masterpiece of lyrics by Yakov Polonsky was subsequently written (“My fire in the fog shines ...”, 1853). Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum later called the main feature of Polonsky's romances "the combination of lyrics with narration." They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details that reflect the psychological state of the lyrical hero (and others).

After graduation Yakov Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published the second poetry collection "Poems of 1845" (1845). The book caused a negative assessment of V.G. Belinsky, who saw in the author "an unrelated, purely external talent." In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure in the circle of writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. The impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879).

In 1846, Yakov Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time he became an assistant editor of the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin", in which he published essays. In Tiflis in 1849 Polonsky's poetry collection Sazandar (The Singer) was published. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the "natural school" - i.e. replete with everyday scenes (“Walk in Tiflis”) or written in the spirit of national folklore (“Georgian Song”).

In 1851 Polonsky moved to Petersburg. He wrote in his diary in 1856: “I don’t know why I involuntarily feel disgusted by any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as there are in politics itself. Soon, Yakov Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: “God did not give me the scourge of satire ... / And for the few I am a poet” (“For the Few”, 1860). Contemporaries saw in him "a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin direction" (A. Druzhinin) and noted that "he never draws and does not play any role, but always is what he is" (E. Stackenschneider).

In St. Petersburg, Yakov Polonsky published two collections of poetry (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose "Stories" (1859), in which he noticed "the poet's sensitive susceptibility to the life of nature and the internal fusion of the phenomena of reality with the images of his imagination and with the impulses of his heart ". D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such features to be manifestations of a "narrow mental world" and classified Yakov Polonsky among the "microscopic poetics."

In 1857 Yakov Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He survived a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, reflected in the poems "The Seagull" (1860), "The Madness of Grief" (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867) and The Marriage of Atuev (1869), in which the influence is noticeable. Polonsky published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: "I have been a nobody all my life."

In 1858-1860, Yakov Polonsky edited the journal "Russian Word", in 1860-1896 he served in the Committee of Foreign Censorship. In general, the 1860s-1870s were marked for the poet by inattention of the reader and worldly disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with and, he was part of the "poetic triumvirate", which was respected by the reading public. Yakov Polonsky again became a landmark figure in the literary life of St. Petersburg, outstanding contemporaries gathered at Polonsky's Fridays. The poet was friends with Chekhov, closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and. In verses, "The Madman" (1859), (1862) and others predicted some of the motifs of 20th-century poetry.

In 1890, Polonsky wrote to A. Fet: "You can trace my whole life through my poems." In accordance with this principle of reflecting the inner biography, he built his final "Complete Works" in 5 vols, published in 1896.

In 1838, Yakov Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduating in 1844). In his student years, he became close to A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. I also met P. Chaadaev,

A. Khomyakov, T. Granovsky. In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840, Polonsky's poem "The sacred Annunciation solemnly sounds ..." was first published in the journal Moskvityanin and in the student almanac Underground Keys.

In 1844, Polonsky's first poetry collection, Gamma, was published, in which the influence of M. Lermontov is noticeable. In the collection there were already poems written in the genre of everyday romance (“Meeting”, “Winter Way”, etc.). In this genre, the masterpiece of lyrics by Yakov Polonsky “Song of a Gypsy” (“My fire in the fog

Shines…”, 1853). Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum later called the main feature of Polonsky's romances "the combination of lyrics with narration." They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details that reflect the psychological state of the lyrical hero (“The shadows of the night came and became ...”, etc.).

After graduating from the university, Yakov Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry, Poems of 1845 (1845). The book caused a negative assessment of V. G. Belinsky, who saw in the author "an unrelated, purely external talent." In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure in the circle of writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. The impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879).

In 1846, Yakov Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time he became an assistant editor of the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin", in which he published essays. In Tiflis in 1849 Polonsky's poetry collection Sazandar (The Singer) was published. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the "natural school" - that is, abounding in everyday scenes ("Walk in Tiflis") or written in the spirit of national folklore ("Georgian song").

In 1851 Polonsky moved to Petersburg. He wrote in his diary in 1856: “I don’t know why I involuntarily feel disgusted by any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as there are in politics itself. Soon, Yakov Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: “God did not give me the scourge of satire ... / And for the few I am a poet” (“For the Few”, 1860). Contemporaries saw in him “a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin direction” (A. Druzhinin) and noted that “he never draws and does not play any role, but always is what he is” (E. Stackenschneider).

In St. Petersburg, Yakov Polonsky published two collections of poetry (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose “Stories” (1859), in which N. Dobrolyubov noted “the poet’s sensitive susceptibility to the life of nature and the internal fusion of the phenomena of reality with the images of his imagination and with the impulses of his heart." D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such features to be manifestations of a “narrow mental world” and classified Yakov Polonsky among “microscopic poetics”.

In 1857 Yakov Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He survived a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, reflected in the poems "The Seagull" (1860), "Madness of Grief" (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” (1869), in which the influence of I. Turgenev is noticeable. Polonsky published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: “All my life I was a nobody.”

In 1858-1860, Yakov Polonsky edited the journal "Russian Word", in 1860-1896 he served in the Committee of Foreign Censorship. In general, the 1860s-1870s were marked for the poet by inattention of the reader and worldly disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with A. Fet and A. Maikov, he was part of the "poetic triumvirate", which enjoyed the respect of the reading public. Yakov Polonsky again became a landmark figure in the literary life of St. Petersburg, outstanding contemporaries gathered at Polonsky's Fridays. The poet was friends with Chekhov, closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and S. Nadson. In the poems "Crazy" (1859), "Double" (1862), etc., he predicted some motifs of poetry of the 20th century.

In 1890, Polonsky wrote to A. Fet: “You can trace my whole life through my poems.” In accordance with this principle of reflecting the inner biography, he built his final “Complete Works” in 5 vols., which was published in 1896.

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Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky(December 6, Ryazan - October 18, St. Petersburg) - Russian writer, known mainly as a poet.

Biography

From nobles. Born in the family of a poor official in 1819. He graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium (1838). He studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University (1838-1844), listened to the lectures of professors P. G. Redkin, D. L. Kryukov and T. N. Granovsky, who had a significant impact on the formation of Polonsky's worldview. He studied at the university for five years instead of the prescribed four, because in the 3rd year he did not pass the exam in Roman law to Professor N.I. Krylov. In his student years, Polonsky became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, also met P. Ya. Chaadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky. During his student years, Polonsky earned his living by giving private lessons.

Polonsky's addresses:

Polonsky died in St. Petersburg in 1898, was buried in the Olgov Monastery near Ryazan; in 1958 he was reburied on the territory of the Ryazan Kremlin (photo of the grave).

Creation

Polonsky's literary heritage is very large and unequal, it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels and short stories. According to Julius Aikhenwald,

A writer of rare inspirations, Polonsky was a remarkably skillful versifier, and sometimes for him, as it were, the technical efforts and difficulties of meter and rhyme did not exist. At ease and easily, like colloquial speech, he pours a simple, unsophisticated and often inexpensive verse.

Polonsky also wrote prose. The first collection of prose "Stories" was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867) and "The Marriage of Atuev" (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879) was based on the impressions of Odessa life. He also published memoir texts ("My uncle and some of his stories").

Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. "" (" My fire in the fog shines”), written in 1853, has become a folk song.

Publicism

Yakov Polonsky, 1880s

From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and art workers gathered at the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.

Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Dukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and was also going to write memoirs about them.

A conservative and Orthodox, at the end of his life, Ya. P. Polonsky opposed the criticism of the church and state by Leo Tolstoy. In 1895, in connection with Tolstoy’s work “The Kingdom of God is within you” published abroad, Polonsky published in the Russian Review (No. 4-6) a polemical article “Notes on a Foreign Edition and New Ideas of Count L. N. Tolstoy”. After the appearance of Tolstoy's article "What is art?" Polonsky also wrote a scathing article. This caused a letter from Leo Tolstoy with a proposal for reconciliation: Tolstoy became aware of Polonsky's benevolent attitude towards the persecuted Doukhobors.

A family

First wife since July 1858 - Elena Vasilievna Ustyugskaya(1840-1860), daughter of the headman of the Russian church in Paris, Vasily Kuzmich Ustyugsky (Ukhtyuzhsky), and a Frenchwoman. The marriage was concluded for love, although the bride knew almost no Russian, and Polonsky - French. She died in St. Petersburg from the consequences of typhoid fever, combined with a miscarriage. Their six-month-old son Andrei died in January 1860.

Second wife since 1866 - Josephine Antonovna Rulman(1844-1920), amateur sculptor, sister of the famous doctor Anton Antonovich Rulman. According to a contemporary, "Polonsky married her because he fell in love with her beauty, but she married him because she had nowhere to lay her head." They had two sons in marriage, Alexander (1868-1934) and Boris (1875-1923), and a daughter Natalia (1870-1929), married to N. A. Elachich.

Notes

Polotskaya E. A. Polonsky // Brief literary encyclopedia - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1962. - T. 5.
Polonsky Yakov Petrovich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ed. A. M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969.
Vl. Solovyov // encyclopedic Dictionary - SPb. : Brockhaus - Efron, 1898. - T. XXIV. - S. 361–363.
Eisenstadt, W.; Eisenstadt, M. On the Fontanka. Pages of the history of Petersburg culture. - M.: Tsentropoligraf, 2007. - p. 227. -

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (December 6 (18), 1819, Ryazan - October 18 (30), 1898, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet and prose writer.

Born into the family of a poor official. After graduating from the gymnasium in Ryazan (1838), he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, also met P. Ya. Chaadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky.

Writer, if only
There is a nerve of a great people,
Can't be amazed
When freedom is struck.
"To the album of K. Sh ..." (1864)

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840 he published his first poem. Participated in the student almanac "Underground Keys".

After graduating from the university (1844) he lived in Odessa, then was assigned to Tiflis (1846), where he served until 1851. From 1851 he lived in St. Petersburg, edited the Russian Word magazine (1859–1860). He served in the Committee of Foreign Censorship, in the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1860-1896).

Died in St. Petersburg, buried in Ryazan.

As long as we have enough bread
And there's also a jug of wine
Do not irritate with the tears of Heaven
And know that your longing is sinful.
"Old Sazandar"

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

The literary heritage of Polonsky is very large and unequal, it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels, stories.

The first collection of poetry - "Gammas" (1844). The second collection "Poems of 1845" published in Odessa caused a negative assessment of V. G. Belinsky. In the collection "Sazandar" (1849) he recreated the spirit and life of the peoples of the Caucasus.

A small part of Polonsky's poems belongs to the so-called civil lyrics ("To tell you the truth, I forgot, gentlemen", "Miasm" and others). He dedicated the poem "Prisoner" (1878) to Vera Zasulich. On the slope of his life, he turned to the themes of old age, death (collection "Evening Ringing", 1890).

Among Polonsky's poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem "The Grasshopper the Musician" (1859).

He also wrote in prose. The first collection of prose "Stories" was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867) and "The Marriage of Atuev" (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879) was based on the impressions of Odessa life.

Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. "Song of a Gypsy" ("My fire in the fog shines"), written in 1853, has become a folk song.

Polonsky was one of Alexander Blok's favorite poets.

From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and art workers gathered at the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.

A conservative and Orthodox, at the end of his life, Ya. P. Polonsky opposed the criticism of the church and state by Leo Tolstoy. In 1895, in connection with Tolstoy's work The Kingdom of God is Within You, published abroad, Polonsky published in Russkoe Obozreniye (Nos. 4–6) a polemical article, Notes on a Foreign Edition and New Ideas of Count L. N. Tolstoy.

Believe me, you don't have to be in Paris
To be closer to the truth,
And in order to create
No need to wander in Rome.
Traces of a beautiful artist
Everywhere sees and - creates,
And his incense burns
Wherever he puts the tripod,
And where the Creator speaks to him.
"BUT. N. Maykov"

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

After the appearance of Tolstoy's article "What is art?" Polonsky also wrote a scathing article. This caused a letter from Leo Tolstoy with a proposal for reconciliation: Tolstoy became aware of Polonsky's benevolent attitude towards the persecuted Doukhobors.

Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Dukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and was also going to write memoirs about them.

Addresses in St. Petersburg
* 1888–1892 - tenement house of N. I. Yafa - embankment of the Fontanka River, 24.

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky - photo

POLONSKY Yakov Petrovich was born into a noble family - a poet.

He graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium, then the law faculty of Moscow University. For four years he served in the office of the Caucasian governor in Tiflis.

In 1851 he moved to Petersburg. For some time he lives by odd jobs (literary fees, tutoring).

In 1858-59 he was the editor of the Russian Word magazine, later a junior censor of the foreign censorship committee and, finally, one of the members of the board of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs.

In the last years of his life, he organized “Fridays” in his apartment, which brought together St. Petersburg writers, artists, and scientists.

Despite the genre diversity of Yakov Petrovich Polonsky's work (poems, poems, novels), he entered the history of Russian literature as a lyric poet.

In 1844, the first collection of his poems "Gammas" was published, which still bears the stamp of imitation of the romantic poetry of Pushkin and Lermontov.

In 1849, the second collection was published - "Sazandar" (Georgian - singer), it was distinguished by great originality, written on the basis of vivid impressions of being in the Caucasus. The poet managed in this book to convey the features of the local color of Caucasian life in its daily, everyday manifestations:

"Walk in Tiflis"

"Elections of Usta-Bati",

"Tatar".

With the move to St. Petersburg, Yakov Petrovich becomes a permanent contributor to the magazines Sovremennik, Otechestvennye Zapiski, Russkoe Slovo. In the context of the intensified struggle between the supporters of "pure" and "civil" art, he did not openly join any of the warring camps. While not sharing the revolutionary views of the leaders of Sovremennik, at the same time he does not confine himself to the framework of "pure art", expressing in his poems a keen interest in social issues. This is evidenced, first of all, by Polonsky's recognition of the importance of civic poetry (the poem "To I. S. Aksakov", "The writer, if only he...").

In the 1950s and 1960s, under the influence of a heightened interest in the peasant question, the poet wrote poems about the lack of rights of the people, about their selfless labor. This theme was especially vividly reflected in his works such as "Fugitive", written in the form of a folk tale, "In the Steppe", "Miasm".

One of the most poetic works of this cycle is the ballad "Casimir the Great", created by the author under the influence of the famine epidemic of the late 60s. The complacency, callousness, greed of the aristocrats in the ballad is opposed with great force by the suffering of the people dying of hunger. The voice of the poet rises in her to a high, mournful civic pathos. Where Yakov Petrovich writes about a woman, he is again broader and more democratic than the poets of "pure art".

He is deeply concerned about the fate of a peasant woman, a girl taken into a manor house and deprived of the joys of family life (“The Old Nanny”).

In the city, his sympathy is riveted to women who are doomed by need to hard, and sometimes humiliating work ("The Model").

The poet was one of the first to respond to the desire of a Russian girl for light, for knowledge, for meaningful, inspired work (“In the Wilderness”).

Unlike the poets of the revolutionary camp, Polonsky does not rise in his work to the theme of revolutionary protest against social injustice. In his op-eds, he frankly sympathizes with what he calls "progressives" and "reformers." In poetry, these tendencies are reflected in the chanting of brotherly love, which should bind all of humanity together: "Schiller's Anniversary", "From Bourdillien", "Crazy".

The sermon of love and brotherhood never led the poet to peace and reconciliation with evil. The love sung by him wakes people up, makes them help everyone who needs protection and compassion. Thus, a special kind of heroism is born in the lyrics of Yakov Petrovich - the heroism of self-sacrifice, embodied by the poet in the image of Prometheus ("Prometheus"), in the feat of a young aristocrat who exchanged a quiet life in St. Petersburg society for the selfless work of a sister of mercy ( "Under the Red Cross"). This also includes one of the best poems of this cycle - “What is she to me?” dedicated to the famous revolutionary - populist Vera Zasulich.

With the poeticization of love as a feeling that unites people, Polonsky's narrow love lyrics are also closely connected. In the woman he loves, the poet sees, first of all, a friend, a sister, a person. It is not beauty that determines the strength of feeling in his poetry, but the need for protection, support, and at the same time the desire to provide this help to a loved one:

“When we worry about worries or the topic of the day”,

"Kiss"

"Finnish coast"

"N. A. Griboyedov ".

In intimate lyrics, Yakov Petrovich managed to create his own, unique and in his own way very poetic image of the author. This lyrical "I" has its own social and moral face. In social terms, this is a poor man, a commoner, always driven by need and life's failures:

"On Lake Geneva"

"In the cart of life",

"On the railway" .

At the same time, this is a person who is deeply responsive to someone else's grief, striving to soften someone else's pain with affection, attention, romantically believing in the life-giving power of selfless love. This feature of the poet's poetry was reflected in a peculiar way in the form of many of his poems. He does not close in a narrow circle of intimate experiences, but introduces us into the world of feelings of his poetic heroes, whose social status is often indicated in the title of poems:

"The Model",

"Old Nanny"

"Blind taper",

"Worker"

"Runaway".

At the same time, the poem turns into a lyrical confession of the hero, and the author himself, as it were, merges with the hero in a single, common feeling:

"Bulgarian",

"The Model",

"Runaway",

"In the backwoods" .

Polonsky's favorite stanza is a quatrain with a cross rhyme or with rhyming even verses. The lyricism of the content, the extreme simplicity of the form, the colloquial naturalness of intonations led to the transition of poems into songs and romances, the music for which was written by prominent composers of the 19th century. Notable among these poems are:

"Come to me, old lady"

"Flashing in the shadows outside the window",

"Steppe",

"Song of the Gypsy".

Yakov Petrovich's poems are less significant in their artistic merit than his lyrics. Of these, the most interesting are:

"Grasshopper Musician" (1859),

"Fresh Tradition" (1861-63).

In the first, bearing an allegorical character, the poet draws his relationship with the stiff St. Petersburg light. The finely drawn pictures of nature and its mild humor give the poem a special charm.

The unfinished poem "Fresh Tradition" is also associated with the author's biography. It is based on the poet's memoirs about his student years in Moscow, about Moscow manor houses, well known to the poet. The prototype of the protagonist of the poem, Kamkov, was a friend of the author - the poet I. P. Klyushnikov.

Approximately at the same artistic level as poems, and novels. In some of them, the same biographical basis is felt too much. So, in the novel "Cheap City" (1879), the events associated with the author's stay in Odessa were reflected. More significant novel "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin"(1876). It deals with the uprising of the Decembrists, but this event itself is presented in the book extremely poorly and did not find a proper historical assessment on the part of the author.

The lack of clarity, clarity in the political views of the poet determined the attitude towards him from the side of revolutionary-democratic criticism.

Belinsky, without denying the poet talent (“possesses to some extent a pure element of poetry”), blamed him for the lack of “direction and ideas” (“Russian Literature in 1844”).

Dobrolyubov, noting the ability of Yakov Petrovich "to be sad about the domination of evil", at the same time pointed out the poet's inability to be imbued with the spirit of "indignation and revenge" in relation to this evil ("Poems of Ya. P. Polonsky. 1859. Grasshopper-musician. 1859. Stories by Ya. P. Polonsky, 1859).

The sharpest critical review of Ya. P. Polonsky’s literary activity belongs to Saltykov-Shchedrin: “a secondary and dependent writer” (“Works of Ya. P. Polonsky. Two volumes, St. Petersburg, 1869”). Saltykov-Shchedrin's article provoked a sharp objection from Turgenev, who, in his "Letter to the Editor of the St. Petersburg Vedomosti", without exaggerating the power of the poet's talent, left him the right to originality and originality ("it pours even from a small, but from his glass ".

Died -, Petersburg, buried in Ryazan.

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (December 6 (18), 1819, Ryazan - October 18 (30), 1898, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet and prose writer.

Writer, if only
There is a nerve of a great people,
Can't be amazed
When freedom is struck.
"To the album of K. Sh ..." (1864)

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840 he published his first poem. Participated in the student almanac "Underground Keys".

Died in St. Petersburg, buried in Ryazan.

As long as we have enough bread
And there's also a jug of wine
Do not irritate with the tears of Heaven
And know that your longing is sinful.
"Old Sazandar"

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

The literary heritage of Polonsky is very large and unequal, it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels, stories.

Among Polonsky's poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem "The Grasshopper the Musician" (1859).

Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. "Song of a Gypsy" ("My fire in the fog shines"), written in 1853, has become a folk song.

Polonsky was one of Alexander Blok's favorite poets.

From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and art workers gathered at the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Dukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and was also going to write memoirs about them.

Addresses in St. Petersburg
* 1888–1892 - tenement house of N. I. Yafa - embankment of the Fontanka River, 24.

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky - photo

From 1831 he studied at the Ryazan gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1838. He began writing poetry while still in high school.

From 1838 to 1844 he studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. The first published poem by Polonsky - "The sacred Annunciation sounds solemnly ..."

The first collection of poems of the poet was published in 1844 and was called "Gammas".

In the 1950s, collections of Polonsky's poems were published in the Sovremennik magazine. Even then, the poet formed a rejection of political themes in poetry, his lyrics are personal and subjective.

Since 1855, Polonsky was a home teacher.

In 1857, Yakov Petrovich went abroad with his family, where he taught. He visits Italy, and since 1858 lives in Paris. In France, Polonsky marries E. V. Ustyugskaya.

The second wife of Polonsky was Josephine Rulman, who became a faithful companion and friend of the poet.

Yakov Polonsky (1819-1897)

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky was born on December 6, 1819 in Ryazan, into a patriarchal family of a petty official. The poet's mother came from an old noble family of the Kaftyrevs. After graduating from the Ryazan gymnasium, the nineteen-year-old Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University. By that time, the Polonsky family was completely impoverished, and the future poet could only rely on his own strength. The school of life that Polonsky went through during his university years was exceptionally harsh: he had to live in dubious slums, earn a living by private lessons, - “it happened that he didn’t dine at all, being content with tea and a five-kopeck roll. ..” Fate introduced the young Polonsky into the circle of poets kindred to him in spirit. From his student years, he was friendly with A. Grigoriev, A. Fet, which largely determined his creative path. In the house of Nikolai Orlov, the son of M. F. Orlov, a prominent figure in the Decembrist movement, Polonsky met Professor Granovsky, Chaadaev, and the young I. Turgenev.

By the last university course, many of Polonsky's poems were a success with his comrades, some of them were published in Moscow magazines. In 1844, Polonsky's first poetic book, Scales, was published, printed with funds raised by subscription, and Chaadaev took an active part in organizing it. Gogol drew attention to the poems of the young poet, rewriting the poem “The shadows of the night came and became ...” in his notebook. Contemporaries admired, first of all, a special gift for noticing the elusive in nature: “He seems to really have the gift to hear how the grass grows ...”.

In the autumn of 1844, the thirst for new, unexplored impressions, the desire for an independent, independent life, Polonsky was carried away on a trip to the south of Russia. Two years spent in Odessa and five years in the Caucasus made up a whole epoch in the life of the poet. In Georgia, Polonsky becomes close to the enlightened Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani intelligentsia. Serving in the office of the governor and holding the post of assistant editor of the official newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin", he studies the customs and history of the Caucasus. In the house of the poet A. Chavchavadze, Polonsky meets the widow of Griboyedov, the poems dedicated to her are imbued with high and strict sadness:

In Tiflis I met her,

I delved into her features:

That was the shadow of spring, in the shade

Autumn beauty.

In 1849, a collection of poems by Polonsky "Sazandar" was published, which reflected his impressions received during his stay in the Caucasus. In the south it was written poem "Night", which can be called one of the pinnacles of Russian lyric poetry:

I love you so much that I admire you while suffering!

I don't know why I love you, night, -

Because, perhaps, my peace is far away! -

The special lyrical talent of the poet evoked enthusiastic responses from his contemporaries: “You are predominantly a lyricist, with a genuine, more fabulous than fantastic vein” (Turgenev); “How ... dare you ... express with such certainty the feelings that arise at the turn of life and death ... you ... are a real, born, blood-beating poet” (Fet).

In 1851, Polonsky, having learned about the serious illness of his father, leaves the Caucasus. His farewell poem "On the way from the Caucasus" marked June 10, 1851.

Polonsky's life, despite the general recognition, nevertheless continues to be unsettled. In 1857, the poet became a tutor in the family of A. O. Smirnova-Rosset and traveled to Switzerland with them. "The word" tutor "is the stigma of lack of money," he notes in his diary. The poet, independent by character, was not able to stay in this place for long, and in August 1857 he, in his own words, “flies” to Geneva, where he takes painting lessons. In the winter of 1857, Polonsky left for Rome, then for Paris. In Paris, the poet falls in love with a half-Russian, half-French woman - the daughter of a dog-breaker of the Orthodox Church in Paris, Elena Vasilievna Ustyugskaya. Having married in August 1858, the Polonskys returned to St. Petersburg. A few hours before the birth of their first child, son Andrei, Polonsky fell off the droshky and injured his leg, which left him crippled for the rest of his life. Suffering haunted Polonsky: in 1860, his son died, and in the summer of that year, his devoted, loving wife also died. Tormented by the “great sorrow” of memories, Polonsky dedicates verses to the memory of his wife: “The madness of grief”, “If your love were my companion ...”.

In 1860, Polonsky received the post of secretary of the foreign censorship committee, where he served until the end of his days. 1860s - the beginning of a time of civil anxiety and spiritual throwing of the poet: more and more lyrical-philosophical and journalistic poems appear in the press; speaking as a humanist and democrat, Polonsky sensitively responds to what is happening in the world, in Russia. Remaining equally far from semi-official poetry and from those who openly and sharply express their protest, Polonsky strives for the utmost objectivity:

Did it piss you off...

All this modernity is evil,

All this living stupidity, All this host of tyrants and flatterers,

Or this bunch of little fighters,

Selfish and in fits of anger

Ready to strike right and left...

In the poem “The Literary Enemy”, the chivalrous features of the moral character of Polonsky, a man who is not able to trample on the defeated, are especially clearly manifested:

What to do? and who is to blame now?

Lord! in the name of truth and goodness,

Not for happiness I will drink - I will drink

For the freedom of my hostile pen!

Six years after the death of his wife, Polonsky met Josephine Rulman, a woman of rare beauty and a talented sculptor. She becomes his wife. Polonsky did everything possible to develop her natural talent. The Polonsky House is very popular in St. Petersburg, attracting the artistic intelligentsia of the capital. In 1890, Polonsky published the last collection of poems - "Evening Ringing", imbued with a sense of the near end. Eight years later, the poet died, remaining until the last day an undefeated knight of poetry.

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich (1819-1898) Russian poet

Born in Ryazan, in the family of an official. He graduated from the local gymnasium and entered the Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. Here he became friends with Fet and Solovyov. He lived on the money that he was paid for lessons.

Polonsky's first poetry collection "Gamma" was published in 1844 and was favorably received by critics and readers. However, due to the constant lack of money, he had to look for work. From Moscow, Polonsky went to Odessa, and then to Tiflis, where he got a place in the office of the governor of Georgia, Count Vorontsov. The motley exotic of the Caucasus, local color, picturesque nature - all this was reflected in the new collection of poems of the poet "Sazandar".

Polonsky was forced to act as a home teacher in the family of A.O. Smirnova-Rosset. This situation weighed heavily on Polonsky, and, having gone abroad with the Smirnovs, he parted with them, intending to take up painting, for which he had great abilities.

At the end of 1858, Polonsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he managed to take the post of secretary of the foreign censorship committee, which guaranteed him relative material well-being.

In 1857 he married, but was soon widowed. For the second time, he married the then-famous sculptor Josephine Antonovna Rulman.

From 1896 he was a member of the council of the main administration for the press. Not adhering to the radical social movements of his time, Polonsky treated them with cordial humanity.

Well, yes, the biography is good, but why is the date of his death not written here and how he died because of what……..because it’s interesting. For example, how Gogol died, falling just out of bed and hitting his head, is incomprehensible.

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (1819-1898) - Russian poet, prose writer.
Born in Ryazan in a poor noble family. In 1838 he graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium. Yakov Polonsky considered the beginning of his literary activity in 1837, when he presented one of his poems to the Tsarevich, the future Tsar Alexander II, who traveled around Russia, accompanied by his tutor V. A. Zhukovsky.
In 1838, Yakov Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduating in 1844). In his student years, he became close to A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. He also met with P. Chaadaev, A. Khomyakov, T. Granovsky. In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840, Polonsky's poem "The sacred Annunciation solemnly sounds ..." was first published. It was published in the journal Moskvityanin and in the student almanac Underground Keys.
In 1844, Polonsky's first poetry collection, Gamma, was published, in which the influence of M. Lermontov is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (“Meeting”, “Winter Way”, etc.). In this genre, the masterpiece of lyrics by Yakov Polonsky “Song of a Gypsy” (“My fire in the fog shines ...”, 1853) was subsequently written. Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum later called the main feature of Polonsky's romances "the combination of lyrics with narration." They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details that reflect the psychological state of the lyrical hero (“The shadows of the night came and became ...”, etc.).
After graduating from the university, Yakov Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry, Poems of 1845 (1845). The book caused a negative assessment of V. G. Belinsky, who saw in the author "an unrelated, purely external talent." In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure in the circle of writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. The impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879).
In 1846, Yakov Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time he became an assistant editor of the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin", in which he published essays. In Tiflis in 1849 Polonsky's poetry collection Sazandar (The Singer) was published. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the "natural school" - i.e. replete with everyday scenes (“Walk in Tiflis”) or written in the spirit of national folklore (“Georgian Song”).
In 1851 Polonsky moved to Petersburg. He wrote in his diary in 1856: “I don’t know why I involuntarily feel disgusted by any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as there are in politics itself. Soon, Yakov Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: “God did not give me the scourge of satire ... / And for the few I am a poet” (“For the Few”, 1860). Contemporaries saw in him "a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin direction" (A. Druzhinin) and noted that "he never draws and does not play any role, but always is what he is" (E. Stackenschneider).
In St. Petersburg, Yakov Polonsky published two poetry collections (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose "Stories" (1859), in which N. Dobrolyubov noted "the poet's sensitive susceptibility to the life of nature and the internal fusion of the phenomena of reality with the images of his imagination and with impulses of his heart. D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such features to be manifestations of a "narrow mental world" and classified Yakov Polonsky among the "microscopic poetics."
In 1857 Yakov Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He survived a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, reflected in the poems "The Seagull" (1860), "The Madness of Grief" (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867 ) and "The Marriage of Atuev" (1869), in which the influence of I. Turgenev is noticeable. Polonsky published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: "I have been a nobody all my life."
In 1858-1860. Yakov Polonsky edited the journal "Russian Word", in 1860-1896. served on the Foreign Censorship Committee. In general, the 1860s-1870s were marked for the poet by inattention of the reader and worldly disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with A. Fet and A. Maikov, he was part of the "poetic triumvirate", which was respected by the reading public. Yakov Polonsky again became a landmark figure in the literary life of St. Petersburg, outstanding contemporaries gathered at Polonsky's Fridays. The poet was friends with Chekhov, closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and S. Nadson. In the poems "Crazy" (1859), "Double" (1862), etc., he predicted some of the motives of the poetry of the 20th century.
In 1890, Polonsky wrote to A. Fet: "You can trace my whole life through my poems." In accordance with this principle of reflecting the inner biography, he built his final "Complete Works" in 5 vols, published in 1896.
Yakov Polonsky died in St. Petersburg on October 18 (30), 1898.

Wonderful verses, simple rhyme and beautiful pictures are drawn by Yakov Polonsky in his poems. But most often the reader, quoting his works, completely forgets about who wrote these beautiful and inspiring lines. That is why a short biography of Yakov Polonsky is important for school study, revealing and developing the literary horizons of schoolchildren.
Yakov Polonsky was born in Ryazan in the family of an ordinary petty official. He received his education at a gymnasium not far from home. After graduation, he went to Moscow and easily entered the university at the Faculty of Law. Studying at Moscow University gave him an acquaintance with such people as A.A. Fet and Vl. Solovyov. This acquaintance influenced the later life of Yakov Petrovich and the choice of his profession.
At that time, Yakov Petrovich lived rather poorly, there was not enough money for education and living. Therefore, he had to earn extra money: he gave lessons, receiving small pennies for this, allowing him to continue his existence and education.
Already in 1844 In the same year he released his first collection, which did not arouse criticism and was very liked by readers. But the constant lack of money forced Yakov Petrovich to constantly look for a job. This eventually forces the poet to leave Moscow and go to Odessa. But even there his career did not work out and he soon moved to Tiflis, where he was offered a good place in the local office of Count Vorontsov. Incredibly beautiful nature strikes the imagination of the young poet and very soon his new poetry collection dedicated to the Caucasus appears in the publication. But there in the Caucasus forever. He does not like to depend on people and it weighs and torments him very much. Abroad, he dreams of devoting all his free time to painting, because he painted wonderfully.
Yakov Petrovich returns to Petersburg only in 1858 year. He immediately gets a job and then he is lucky. So he gets the position of secretary of the foreign censorship committee. This position in society gives him the opportunity to continue to live comfortably and not need money.
Polonsky continues to work as a teacher at home. Teaching children
Smirnov, he travels with them outside the country, and says goodbye to them. AT 1857 he marries a woman whom he loved very much. But very soon she dies, and Yakov Petrovich remains a widower. This marital status does not suit him, and he marries a second time. This time, a woman, a sculptor, becomes his wife. Rulman has long been known for her work, but Yakov Petrovich is not stopped by the passion of his new wife.
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky dies 1898 year on his estate. His poems remain his creative legacy.

Biography

Yakov Polonsky is a Russian poet and prose writer. Born December 6 (18), 1819 in Ryazan in a poor noble family. In 1838 he graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium. Polonsky considered the beginning of his literary activity in 1837, when he presented one of his poems to the Tsarevich, the future Tsar Alexander II, who traveled around Russia, accompanied by his tutor V. A. Zhukovsky.

In 1838 Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduating in 1844). In his student years, he became close to A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. I also met with P. Chaadaev, A. Khomyakov, T. Granovsky. In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840, Polonsky's poem The Sacred Blagovesh solemnly sounds for the first time ... It was published in the journal Moskvityanin and in the student almanac Underground Keys.

In 1844, the first poetry collection of Polonsky Gamma was published, in which the influence of M. Lermontov is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (Meeting, Winter Road, etc.). In this genre, Polonsky's masterpiece of lyrics, Song of a Gypsy, was subsequently written (“My fire in the fog shines ...”, 1853). Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum later called the main feature of Polonsky's romances "the combination of lyrics with narration." They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details that reflect the psychological state of the lyrical hero (“The shadows of the night came and became ...”, etc.).

After graduating from the university, Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry Poems of 1845 (1845). The book caused a negative assessment of V. G. Belinsky, who saw in the author "an unrelated, purely external talent." In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure in the circle of writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. The impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis of the novel Cheap City (1879).

In 1846 Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time he became an assistant editor of the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin", in which he published essays. In Tiflis in 1849 Polonsky's poetry collection Sazandar (Singer) was published. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the "natural school" - that is, abounding in everyday scenes (Walk in Tiflis) or written in the spirit of national folklore (Georgian song).

In 1851 Polonsky moved to Petersburg. He wrote in his diary in 1856: “I don’t know why I involuntarily feel disgusted with any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as there are in politics itself. Soon Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: "God did not give me the scourge of satire ... / And for the few I am a poet" (For the few, 1860). Contemporaries saw in him "a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin direction" (A. Druzhinin) and noted that "he never draws and does not play any role, but always is what he is" (E. Shtakenshneider).

In St. Petersburg, Polonsky published two poetry collections (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose Stories (1859), in which N. Dobrolyubov noticed "the poet's sensitive susceptibility to the life of nature and the internal fusion of the phenomena of reality with the images of his imagination and with the impulses of his heart ". D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such features to be manifestations of a "narrow mental world" and classified Polonsky among the "microscopic poetics."

In 1857 Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He survived a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, reflected in the poems Chaika (1860), Madness of grief (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels Confessions of Sergei Chalygin (1867) and Atuev's Marriage (1869) , in which the influence of I. Turgenev is noticeable. Polonsky published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: "I have been a nobody all my life."

In 1858-1860 Polonsky edited the magazine "Russian Word", in 1860-1896 he served in the Committee of Foreign Censorship. In general, the 1860s-1870s were marked for the poet by inattention of the reader and worldly disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with A. Fet and A. Maikov, he was part of the "poetic triumvirate", which was respected by the reading public. Polonsky again became an iconic figure in the literary life of St. Petersburg, outstanding contemporaries gathered at Polonsky Fridays. The poet was friends with Chekhov, closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and S. Nadson. In verse, Crazy (1859), Double (1862), and others predicted some motifs in 20th-century poetry.

In 1890, Polonsky wrote to A. Fet: "You can trace my whole life through my poems." In accordance with this principle of reflecting the inner biography, he built his final Complete Works in 5 vols., which was published in 1896.

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich (1819 - 1898), poet. Born on December 6 (18 n.s.) in Ryazan in a poor noble family. He studied at the Ryazan gymnasium, after which he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. In his student years, he began to write and publish his poems in

"Notes of the Fatherland" (1840), "Moskvityanin" and in the student almanac "Underground Keys" (1842). He is friends with A. Grigoriev, A. Fet, P. Chaadaev, T. Granovsky, I. Turgenev.

In 1844, Polonsky's first collection of poems, Gamma, was published, attracting the attention of critics and readers.

After graduating from university, he lived in Odessa. There he published the second collection of Poems of 1845.

In 1846, Polonsky moved to Tiflis, joined the office and at the same time worked as an assistant editor of the newspaper Transcaucasian Bulletin. While in Georgia, Polonsky turned to prose (articles and essays on ethnography), publishing them in a newspaper.

Georgia inspired him to create in 1849 a book of poems "Sazandar" (Singer), in 1852 - a historical play "Darejana Imeretinskaya".

From 1851 Polonsky lived in St. Petersburg, traveling abroad from time to time. The poet's collections of poems (1855 and 1859) were well received by various critics.

In 1859 - 60 he was one of the editors of the journal "Russian Word".

In the social and literary struggle of the 1860s, Polonsky did not take part on the side of any of the camps. He defended the poetry of “love”, contrasting it with the poetry of “hate” (“For the Few”, 1860; “To the Citizen Poet”, 1864), although he recognized the impossibility of love “without pain” and life outside the problems of modernity (“One of the tired” , 1863). During these years, his poetry was sharply criticized by radical democrats. I. Turgenev and N. Strakhov defended Polonsky's original talent from attacks, emphasizing his "worship of everything beautiful and lofty, serving truth, goodness and beauty, love of freedom and hatred of violence."

In 1880 - 90 Polonsky was a very popular poet. During these years he returned to the themes of his early lyrics. A variety of writers, artists, and scientists unite around him. He is very attentive to the development of creativity Nadson and Fofanov.

In 1881, the collection "At Sunset" was published, in 1890 - "Evening Bells", imbued with motives of sadness and death, reflections on the transience of human happiness.

From 1860 to 1896 Polonsky served in the Committee of Foreign Censorship, in the Council of the Main Directorate for the Press, which gave him a livelihood.

Born from a poor noble family, Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (1819-1898) was a Russian poet from Ryazan. In Ryazan, he graduated from high school. After that, he enters Moscow University and studies at the Faculty of Law. As a student, he writes poetry and publishes it in Otechestvennye Zapiski (1840). He made friends with famous writers, among whom were A. Grigoriev, A. Fet, P. Chaadaev, T. Granovsky, I. Turgenev.

Polonsky as a poet was noticed and adequately appreciated when his collection of poetry "Gamma" was published.

As he graduated from Polonsky University, he lived in Odessa. There he published the second collection of poems "Poems of 1845".

In 1846, the poet travels to Tiflis (Georgia), where he serves in the office and works as an assistant editor of the publication "Transcaucasian Bulletin" and publishes ethnographic articles and essays. In 1849 he created a book of poems "The Singer", then wrote the historical play "Darejana Imeretinskaya" (1852).

Since 1851, the poet has been living in St. Petersburg, sometimes traveling abroad. Writes poetry and forms collections in 1855 and 1859.

In 1859-1860. - works as one of the editors of the publication "Russian Word". His poems are criticized by radical democrats, and his friends and comrades are actively defending him. Popularity comes to the poet in the 1880-1890s. In 1881, the collection At Sunset was issued, and in 1890, Evening Bells. The motif of sadness and death dominates in them, and the poet also reflects on the fragmentary happiness of a person.

The poet earns by serving in the Committee of Foreign Censorship from the 60s to 1896. The poet died in St. Petersburg, but was buried in Ryazan.

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich
Born: December 6 (18), 1819.
Died: October 18 (30), 1898.

Biography

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (December 6, 1819, Ryazan - October 18, 1898, St. Petersburg) - Russian writer, known mainly as a poet.

Born in the family of a poor official in 1819. After graduating from the gymnasium in Ryazan (1838), he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, also met P. Ya. Chadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky.

In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840 he published his first poem. Participated in the student almanac "Underground Keys". At this time, he met I. S. Turgenev, whose friendship continued until the death of the latter.

After graduating from the university (1844) he lived in Odessa, then was assigned to Tiflis (1846), where he served until 1851; Caucasian impressions are inspired by his best poems, which brought the young official all-Russian fame.

Since 1851 he lived in St. Petersburg, edited the journal "Russian Word" in 1859-1860. He served in the Committee of Foreign Censorship, in the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1860-96). Addresses Polonsky the following:

Polonsky died in St. Petersburg in 1898, was buried in the Olgov Monastery near Ryazan; in 1958 he was reburied on the territory of the Ryazan Kremlin (photo of the grave).

The first collection of poetry - "Gammas" (1844). Issued in Odessa. The second collection of "Poems of 1845" caused a negative assessment of V. G. Belinsky. In the collection "Sazandar" (1849) he recreated the spirit and life of the peoples of the Caucasus. A small part of Polonsky's poems belongs to the so-called civil lyrics ("To tell you the truth, I forgot, gentlemen", "Miasm" and others). He dedicated the poem "Prisoner" (1878) to Vera Zasulich. On the slope of his life, he turned to the themes of old age, death (collection "Evening Ringing", 1890). Among Polonsky's poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem "The Grasshopper the Musician" (1859).

Polonsky's Georgian poems stand out for their rare musicality for their time. D. Mirsky calls him "the most romantic of the eclecticists of the middle of the century", although he did not stop fighting with his romanticism:

His poetic skill was purely romantic, but he was afraid to surrender to it entirely and considered it his duty to write well-intentioned poems about the beacon of progress, freedom of speech and other modern subjects. Polonsky also wrote prose. The first collection of prose "Stories" was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867) and "The Marriage of Atuev" (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879) was based on the impressions of Odessa life. Author of experiments in the genre of memoirs ("My uncle and some of his stories").

Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. "Song of a Gypsy" ("My fire in the fog shines"), written in 1853, has become a folk song.

Publicism

From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and art workers gathered at the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.

Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Dukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and was also going to write memoirs about them.

A family

The first wife since July 1858 is Elena Vasilievna Ustyuzhskaya (1840-1860), the daughter of the headman of the Russian church in Paris, Vasily Kuzmich Ustyugsky (Ukhtyuzhsky), and a Frenchwoman. The marriage was concluded for love, although the bride knew almost no Russian, and Polonsky did not know French. She died in St. Petersburg from the effects of typhus, combined with a miscarriage. Their six-month-old son Andrei died in January 1860.

The second wife since 1866 is Josephine Antonovna Ryulman (1844-1920), an amateur sculptor, sister of the famous doctor A. A. Ryulman. According to a contemporary, "Polonsky married her because he fell in love with her beauty, but she married him because she had nowhere to lay her head." They had two sons in marriage, Alexander (1868-1934) and Boris (1875-1923), and a daughter Natalia (1870-1929), married to N. A. Elachich.

Literature

Ya. P. Polonsky. His life and writings. Sat. historical and literary articles / Comp. V. Pokrovsky. - M, 1906.
Sobolev L. I. Polonsky Yakov Petrovich
Russian writers. XIX century. : Biobibliogr. words. At 2 pm / Editorial. B. F. Egorov and others; Ed. P. A. Nikolaev. - 2nd ed. dorab .. - M .: Education, 1996. - T. 2. M-Ya. - S. 165-168.

Not often remembered poet Ya.P. Polonsky (1819-1898) created many works not only in verse but also in prose. However, romance became the main thing in his romantic work. The poet is alien to everything loud, but not indifferent to the fate of the Motherland. He himself valued the "Bell" most of all.

Small homeland

In the quietest Ryazan, in a small provincial town, on the night of December 6-7, 1819, a baby was born, who two weeks later was named Yakov at baptism. His aunts were at the ball with the governor-general, but, having learned that their sister was safely resolved in childbirth, they left the ball to offer their congratulations. The Polonsky family was ancient, having left Poland to enter the service of Ivan the Terrible. The Polonskys had a coat of arms, against an azure background of which a star with six horns, a helmet with peacock feathers and a young month were depicted. The father of the future poet could not get a good education, but he learned to read and write, and his handwriting was beautiful. He was a petty official, and a large family demanded exorbitant expenses for him. Jacob was the eldest child, and besides him there were six more children. In the last birth, his mother, Natalya Yakovlevna, died. The child grieved over her death, and it seemed to him that his mother had been buried alive. As a child, Yakov Polonsky often had terrible dreams. He was afraid. Imagination began to work, poetic images appeared. The older brother told the tales he invented to the younger ones and began to secretly write poetry from everyone.

After high school

Yakov Polonsky graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium in 1838. By this time, the father was completely broken by the death of his beloved wife and, having served three years in the Caucasus, returned to his native city. He did not interfere in the affairs of children. But Jacob had an event that he himself considered an important milestone in his life. In 1837, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich visited Ryazan, accompanied by V.A. Zhukovsky. Young Yakov Polonsky presented one of his creations to the court of the future emperor. This meeting connected all the thoughts of the young man with literary activity. From 1838 to 1844, Yakov Polonsky studied at Moscow University. He is terribly poor, because the family is completely ruined, and you can only rely on your own strength. They had to rent housing in the slums, earn a living by tutoring and private lessons. There were days when there was nothing to eat. I had to make do with tea and loaves. During this period, he became closely acquainted with A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who appreciated the talent of the young poet. Inspired, in 1840 he published the poem “The Holy Blagovesh solemnly sounds” in “Notes of the Fatherland” in 1840. His circle of Moscow acquaintances is expanding. In the house of a descendant of the Decembrist, Nikolai Orlov, Yakov Polonsky meets Professor T. Granovsky, philosopher P. Chaadaev. There, in 1942, he would make friends with Ivan Turgenev for life, with whom he would maintain correspondence.

Collection "Gamma"

In 1844, Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev actively collected money by subscription for the publication of the first book of the young poet. The lyrics of M. Lermontov left an imprint on her. But V. Belinsky generally gives a favorable review. The critic noticed in the verses "a pure element of poetry." N. Gogol rewrites one of the poems for himself. V.A. Zhukovsky gave the aspiring poet a watch, showing that he appreciated his talent. Lev Sergeevich Pushkin presented him with a truly priceless gift - a briefcase that belonged to his brilliant brother.

Odessa

After graduating from the university and moving to the south, the life and biography of Yakov Polonsky are filled with acquaintances with people of Pushkin's circle. Harmony and clarity characterize the poet's second collection, Poems of 1845. However, V. Belinsky did not find a single successful work in it.

Caucasus

The desire to get new impressions brought Yakov Petrovich to Tiflis in 1846. He serves in the office of the viceroy M.S. Vorontsova and at the same time works in the newspaper "Transcaucasian Vestnik" as an assistant editor. It is also printed in it. On exotic Caucasian material, he tries to work in the traditional genre of ballads and poems. At the same time, he uses less common sizes of different sizes. In 1849, the poet published the collection "Sandazar". But in 1851 he comes to Russia, because he learns about his father's serious illness.

Petersburg

So, the biography of Yakov Polonsky tells about his return to Russia, where he is warmly received by readers and writers. But he has no material well-being. In 1857 he was forced to become a repeater. In this capacity, he accompanies the family of A.O. Smirnova-Rosset, who has an extremely unstable and difficult character, to Switzerland. But 38 years old is no longer the age when you can endure the whims of employers. A few months later he leaves this position and visits Geneva, Rome, Paris.

Poet in love

In the capital of France there was a "fatal meeting", as the poet called it, with his future wife. This girl, Elena Ustyugskaya, was young, and the lovers had to wait about a year for the wedding. In 1858 they got married and went to St. Petersburg. His chosen one considered inner nobility in her future husband. Alas, the marriage was short-lived. Their happiness lasted only two years. At first, he was overshadowed by the fall of Yakov Petrovich from the droshky. He badly injured his leg, which did not give him rest for the rest of his life, and he was forced to use crutches. Then the six-month-old son dies, and a few months later, his wife. Here is a brief biography of Yakov Polonsky related to his first marriage. The yearning poet will splash out from the depths of his soul the poems "The Seagull", "Madness of grief", "If only your love ...".

Second marriage

It is impossible to exist on literary fees, and Yakov Petrovich starts working in the committee of foreign censorship. 6 years after the collapse of his first marriage, he falls in love with the beautiful Josephine Rulman. This romance ends with a marriage that produces two sons and a daughter. A literary and musical salon is being created at his house, in which on Fridays the color of the intelligentsia of St. Petersburg gathers: poets, prose writers, composers, painters, critics. The cultural life of the capital is seething here. On this, a brief biography of Yakov Polonsky in our presentation is already coming to an end. In honor of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of his literary activity, Polonsky was solemnly presented with a silver wreath, and Grand Duke Konstantin Romanov dedicated a poem to him.

Romances based on Polonsky's words

A romantic who tried to respond to socio-political topics, nevertheless, in our minds, is associated with romance. Yakov Polonsky, whose poems were loved by many Russian composers, is familiar to many, first of all, according to the words "My fire shines in the fog." Here is a list of romances in his words, far, far from complete:

Composer E.F. Guide:

Birdie: “The air smells like a field”;

Waltz "Ray of Hope";

Prayer: Our Father! Heed the son's prayer ... ".

S.V. Rachmaninov:

Meeting: “Yesterday we met…”;

Music: “And these wonderful sounds float and grow…”;

Dissonance: "Let by the will of fate ...".

A.G. Rubinstein:

Thought: "The sacred Annunciation solemnly resounds...";

Loss: "When a premonition of separation ...".

P.I. Chaikovsky:

"Flashing in the shadows outside the window."

By the way, for P. Tchaikovsky, Polonsky wrote the libretto of the opera Cherevichki. In addition to such a small number of romances indicated in this article, one can refer to the work of I. Bunin, who put a line from a poem by Y. Polonsky as the title of one of his stories, namely “In a familiar street”.

Polonsky died at the age of 78, was buried near Ryazan. And now he is reburied in the Ryazan Kremlin. All the poems of Polonsky Yakov Petrovich found a lively response from his contemporaries and the next generation of symbolists, especially from A. Blok. In Soviet times, not a single (!) Work devoted to his life and work was published. Now in Ryazan, local historians are correcting this situation by releasing monographs, articles and books that return to us the undeservedly forgotten poet who left a great creative heritage.

Born December 6, 1819 in Ryazan. Yakov was the firstborn in the family of Peter Grigorievich (1790-1852) and Natalya Yakovlevna (1796-1832).
Jacob's education was taken up early. Already from the age of six, his mother taught him to read and invited various teachers. The first teacher was Ivan Vasilyevich Volkov. By the age of seven, Yakov Petrovich was already reading well. When the boy was 12 years old, his mother dies. In 1838, his father helped with admission to the gymnasium. Thus ended childhood, and the gymnasium weekdays began.
In 1838 he began to study at the First Ryazan Men's Gymnasium. The first glory came in the gymnasium. During the arrival of Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (future Emperor Alexander II) in Ryazan, Polonsky wrote greeting verses that pleased the Tsarevich and his tutor Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. For this, the Tsarevich presented Yakov with a gold watch. This glorified the young poet throughout Ryazan. But Yakov could not boast of academic success. In all subjects, except for literature, which he knew perfectly well, he had average results. In 1838 he graduated from the gymnasium and went to Moscow to enter the university.
From 1838 to 1844 he studied at Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. During this period, he met Fet, Grigoriev, Chaadaev, Turgenev and others. He was friends with Fet and Turgenev for many years. In 1840, the first edition of poems in "Notes of the Fatherland" thanks to Belinsky. In 1844, with the help of friends, he raises money for the publication of his first book of poems, Gamma, which was published when Polonsky was taking his final exams. During his studies, Yakov Petrovich constantly faced financial difficulties, and this forced him to earn extra money as a tutor.
After graduating from the university, the issue of earning becomes acute, which pushes Polonsky to move to Odessa. Here, in 1845, he published the second book, Poems of 1845, which was modestly praised on the pages of Sovremennik, but the poems were strongly criticized by Belinsky. Further searches for work push the poet to move to Tiflis in 1846, where he works in the Transcaucasian Bulletin.
In 1851 he left Tiflis. First to Ryazan, to his sick father, and then to St. Petersburg, with creative hopes. Until 1857, he was trying to somehow earn a living and combine his work. In 1857 he went abroad. He returned from a foreign trip in 1858 with his young wife Elena Vasilievna Ustyugskaya (1840-1860). In 1859, he began working in the Russian Word magazine. In the spring of 1860, with the help of friends, he got a job in the Foreign Censorship Committee. The head there at that time was Fedor Tyutchev. In 1863 he received a promotion. He worked for the Committee of Foreign Censorship for 36 years, until 1896. In 1866, the second marriage with Josephine Antonovna Rulman (1844-1920). In the period of the 60s-70s, Polonsky continued his work. But during this period it was very often criticized and was not particularly loved by readers. This changed in the 80s. Reader recognition. Polonsky Fridays became very popular in the 80s. Evenings attended by many celebrities. In 1896, Polonsky began to work in the Press Council.
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky died on October 30, 1898 in St. Petersburg. He was buried on the territory of the Olgov Monastery in Ryazan. In 1959, the grave was transferred to the Ryazan Kremlin.

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich (1819-1898) Russian poet

At the end of 1858, Polonsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he managed to take the post of secretary of the foreign censorship committee, which guaranteed him relative material well-being.

In 1857 he married, but was soon widowed. For the second time, he married the then-famous sculptor Josephine Antonovna Rulman.

From 1896 he was a member of the council of the main administration for the press. Not adhering to the radical social movements of his time, Polonsky treated them with cordial humanity.