In what direction did Mayakovsky work. Vladimir Mayakovsky - biography, information, personal life. The beginning of Mayakovsky's poetic activity
The writing
The work of Mayakovsky to this day remains an outstanding artistic achievement of Russian poetry at the beginning. XX century His works are not devoid of ideological distortions and propaganda rhetoric, but they cannot cross out the objective significance and scale of Mayakovsky's artistic talent, the reformist essence of his poetic experiments, which for his contemporaries, and for the poet's descendants, were associated with a revolution in art.
Mayakovsky was born in Georgia, where he spent his childhood. After the death of his father in 1906, the family moved to Moscow, where Mayakovsky entered the 4th grade of the Fifth Moscow Gymnasium. In 1908 he was expelled from there, and a month later Mayakovsky was arrested by the police in the underground printing house of the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP. Over the next year, he was arrested twice more. In 1910-1911, Mayakovsky studied in the studio of the artist P. Kelin, and then studied at the School of Painting, met the artist and poet D. Burliuk, under whose influence Mayakovsky's avant-garde aesthetic tastes were formed.
Mayakovsky wrote his first poems in 1909 in prison, to which he got through connections with underground revolutionary organizations. The poems of the debutant poet were written in a rather traditional manner, which imitated the poetry of the Russian Symbolists, and M. himself immediately abandoned them. A real poetic baptism for M. was his acquaintance in 1911 with futurist poets. In 1912, Mr.. M., together with other futurists, issued the almanac "Slap in the Face of Public Taste" ("Slap in the Face of Public Taste"), signed by D. Burliuk, O. Kruchenykh and V. Mayakovsky. With Mayakovsky’s poems “Night” (“Night”) and “Morning” (“Morning”), in which, in a shockingly bold manner, he proclaimed a break with the traditions of Russian classics, called for the creation of a new language and literature, one that would correspond to the spirit of modern " machines" of civilization and the tasks of the revolutionary transformation of the world. The practical embodiment of the futuristic theses declared by Mayakovsky in the almanac was the constant staging of his poetic tragedy Vladimir M. at the Luna Park Theater in St. Petersburg in 1913. ("Vladimir M."). Personally, the author acted as a director and performer of the main role - a poet who suffers in a modern city he hates, who cripple the souls of people who, although they elect the poet as their prince, are not able to appreciate the sacrifice he made. In 1913, Mayakovsky, together with other futurists, made a big tour of the cities of the USSR: Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, Odessa, Kishinev, Nikolaev, Kiev, Minsk, Kazan, Penza, Rostov, Saratov, Tiflis, Baku. The futurists did not limit themselves to the artistic interpretation of the program of the new art and tried to introduce their slogans into life practically, in particular, even in clothing and behavior. Their poetry performances, visits to coffee shops, or even an ordinary walk around the city were often accompanied by scandals, brawls, and police intervention.
Under the sign of passion for the futuristic slogans of the restructuring of the world and art is all the work of M. of the pre-revolutionary period, it is characterized by the pathos of the objection of bourgeois reality, which, according to the poet, morally cripples a person, awareness of the tragedy of human existence in the world of profit, calls for a revolutionary renewal of the world: poems " Inferno of the City” (“Hell of the City”, 1913), “Nate!” (“Nate!”, 1913), collection “I” (1913), poems “Cloud in Pants” (“Cloud in Pants”, 1915), “Flute-Spine” (“Flute-Spine”, 1915), “War and Peace” (“War and Peace”, 1916), “Man” (“Man”, 1916) and others. The poet sharply objected to the First World War, which he characterized as a senseless massacre: the article “Civilian Shrapnel” 1914), the verse “War is declared” (“War is declared”, 1914), (“Mother and the evening killed by the Germans”, 1914) and others. With sarcastic irony, the poet refers to the hypocritical world of bureaucrats, careerists who discredit honest work, a clear conscience and high art: (“Hymn to the Judge”, 1915), “Hymn to the Scientist”, (“Hymn to the Scientist”, 1915), “Hymn to the Khabar” (“Hymn to the Bribe”, 1915), etc.
The pinnacle of Mayakovsky's pre-revolutionary creativity is the poem "A Cloud in Pants", which became a kind of programmatic work of the poet, in which he most clearly and expressively outlined his worldview and aesthetic attitudes. In the poem, which the poet himself called "the catechism of modern art", four slogans are proclaimed and figuratively concretized: "Away with your love", "Away with your order", "Away with your art", "Away with your religion" - "four cries of four parts." The image of a person who suffers from the incompleteness and hypocrisy of being that surrounds him, who protests and strives for real human happiness, runs through the entire poem as a leitmotif. The initial title of the poem - "The Thirteenth Apostle" - was crossed out by censorship, but it is it that more deeply and accurately conveys the main pathos of this work and all of Mayakovsky's early work. The apostle is the teachings of Christ, called to introduce his teachings into life, but in M. this image is quickly approaching the one that later appears in O. Blok's famous poem "The Twelve". Twelve is the traditional number of the closest disciples of Christ, and the appearance in this series of the thirteenth, "superfluous" for the biblical canons, the apostle is perceived as a challenge to the traditional universe, as an alternative model of a new worldview. The thirteenth apostle of Mayakovsky is both a symbol of the revolutionary renewal of life that the poet aspired to, and at the same time a metaphor that can convey the true scale of the poetic phenomenon of the speaker of the new world - Mayakovsky.
The then poetry of Mayakovsky gives rise not just to individual troubles and shortcomings of modern society, it gives rise to the very possibility of its existence, the fundamental, fundamental principles of its being, acquires the scale of a cosmic rebellion in which the poet feels himself equal to God. Therefore, in their desires, the anti-traditional nature of Mayakovsky's lyrical hero was emphasized. It reached maximum outrageousness, so that, it would seem, they gave “slaps to public taste”, demanded that the hairdresser “comb his ear” (“I didn’t understand anything ...”), squats down and barks like a dog (“That’s how I became a dog ... ") and declares defiantly:" I love to watch how children die ... "(" I "), throws at the audience during the performance:" I will laugh and spit joyfully, spit in your face .. ." ("Nate!"). Together with the high growth and loud voice of Mayakovsky, all this created a unique image of a poet-fighter, an apostle-harbinger of a new world. “The poetics of the early Mayakovsky,” writes O. Myasnikov, “is the poetics of the grandiose.
In his poetry of those years, everything is extremely tense. His lyrical hero feels himself capable and obliged to solve not only the tasks and reorganization of his own soul, but also of all mankind, a task not only earthly, but also cosmic. Hyperbolization and complex metaphorization are characteristic features of the early Mayakovsky style. The lyrical hero of the early Mayakovsky feels extremely uncomfortable in a bourgeois-petty-bourgeois environment. He hates and despises anyone who interferes with the Capital Man's life as a human being. The problem of humanism is one of the central problems of early Mayakovsky.
Vladimir Mayakovsky is the flame of the 20th century. His poetry is inseparable from his life. However, behind the peppy Soviet slogans of Mayakovsky the revolutionary, one can discern another Mayakovsky - a romantic knight, a theurgist, a crazy genius in love.
Below is a brief biography of Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky.
Introduction
In 1893, the future great futurist Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Baghdati in Georgia. They said about him: a genius. They shouted about him: a charlatan. But no one could deny that he had an incredible influence on Russian poetry. He created a new style that was inseparable from the spirit of the Soviet era, from the hopes of that era, from people living, loving and suffering in the USSR.
This was a man of contradiction. They will say about him:
This is a complete mockery of beauty, tenderness and God.
They will say about him:
Mayakovsky has always been and remains the best and most talented poet of our Soviet era.
By the way, this beautiful photo is a fake. Mayakovsky, unfortunately, never met Frida Kahlo, but the idea of their meeting is wonderful - they are both like rebellion and fire.
One thing is for sure: a genius or a charlatan - Mayakovsky will forever remain in the hearts of Russian people. Some like him for the briskness and impudence of his lines, others for the tenderness and desperate love that hides in the depths of his style. His broken, torn from the shackles of writing, crazy style, which is so similar to real life.
Life is a struggle
Mayakovsky's life was a struggle from beginning to end: in politics, in art and in love. His first poem is the result of a struggle, a consequence of suffering: it was written in prison (1909), where he ended up for his social democratic convictions. He began his creative career, admiring the ideals of the revolution, and ended it, mortally disillusioned with everything: everything in it is an interweaving of contradictions, a struggle.
He passed like a red thread through history and art and left his mark on subsequent works. It is impossible to write a modernist poem without referring to Mayakovsky.
The poet Vladimir Mayakovsky is, in his own words:
But there is something else behind this rough, warlike façade.
short biography
When he was only 15 years old, he joined the RSDLP (b), enthusiastically engaged in propaganda.
From 1911 he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.
Major poems (1915): "A Cloud in Trousers", "Flute-Spine" and "War and Peace". These works are full of delight before the coming, and then the ensuing revolution. The poet is full of optimism.
1918-1919 - revolution, he is actively involved. Issues posters "Windows of satire ROSTA".
In 1923 he became the founder of the creative association LEF (Left Front of the Arts).
Mayakovsky's later works Bedbug (1928) and Bathhouse (1929) are a sharp satire on Soviet reality. Mayakovsky is disappointed. Perhaps this was one of the reasons for his tragic suicide.
In 1930, Mayakovsky committed suicide: he shot himself, leaving a suicide note in which he asked not to blame anyone. He is buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Art
Irina Odoevtseva wrote about Mayakovsky:
Huge, with a round, short-cropped head, he looked more like a strong hooker than a poet. He read poetry in a completely different way than was customary with us. More like an actor, although - which the actors never did - not only observing, but also emphasizing the rhythm. His voice—the voice of a meeting tribune—at one time thundered so that the glass rang, then cooed like a pigeon and murmured like a forest stream. Stretching out his huge hands in a theatrical gesture towards the stunned listeners, he passionately offered them:
Do you want me to be mad from meat
And like the sky, changing in tones,
Do you want me to become unspeakably gentle, -
Not a man, but a cloud in his pants? ..
Mayakovsky's character is visible in these lines: he is first of all a citizen, not a poet. First of all, he is a tribune, an activist of rallies. He is an actor. His early poetry is, accordingly, not a description, but a call to action, not a statement, but a performative. Not so much art as real life. This applies, at least, to his public poems. They are expressive and metaphorical. Mayakovsky himself admitted that he was impressed by the poems of Andrei Bely "He launched a pineapple into the sky":
low bass.
launched a pineapple.
And, having described the arc,
illuminating the neighborhood
the pineapple fell
beaming into the unknown.
But there is also a second Mayakovsky, who wrote without being impressed by either Bely or the revolution - he wrote from the inside, desperately in love, unhappy, tired - not a warrior Mayakovsky, but a gentle knight Mayakovsky, an admirer of Lilichka Brik. And the poetry of this second Mayakovsky is strikingly different from the first. Poems by Vladimir Mayakovsky are full of piercing desperate tenderness, not healthy optimism. They are sharp and sad, in contrast to the positive cheerfulness of his Soviet poetic appeals.
Mayakovsky the warrior proclaimed:
Read! Envy! I am a citizen! Soviet Union!
Mayakovsky the knight clanged his shackles and sword, vaguely reminiscent of the theurgist Blok, drowning in his purple worlds:
The fence of the mind is broken by confusion,
I am roaring despair, burning feverishly...
How did two such different people get along in one Mayakovsky? It's hard to imagine and impossible not to imagine. Without this internal struggle in him, there would not be such a genius.
Love
These two Mayakovskys got along, probably because they were both driven by passion: one had a passion for Justice, and the other for a femme fatale.
Perhaps it is worth dividing the life of Vladimir Mayakovsky into two main periods: before and after Lilichka Brik. It happened in 1915.
She looked like a monster to me.
So the famous poet Andrei Voznesensky wrote about her.
But Mayakovsky loved this one. With a whip...
He loved her - fatal, strong, "with a whip", and she said about him that when she made love with Osya, she locked Volodya in the kitchen, and he "rushed, wanted to us, scratched at the door and cried ..."
Only such madness, incredible, even perverted suffering could give rise to poetic lines of such power:
Don't do this, dear, good, let's say goodbye now!
So the three of them lived, and eternal suffering spurred the poet on new brilliant lines. In addition, there were other things, of course. There were trips to Europe (1922-24) and America (1925), as a result of which the poet had a daughter, but Lilichka always remained the same, the only one, until April 14, 1930, when, having written "Lily, love me", the poet shot himself, leaving a ring engraved with LOVE - Lilia Yuryevna Brik. If you twirl the ring, it turned out the eternal "I love love love." He shot himself in defiance of his own lines, his eternal declaration of love, which made him immortal:
And I won’t throw myself into the span, and I won’t drink poison, and I won’t be able to pull the trigger over my temple ...
creative heritage
The work of Vladimir Mayakovsky is not limited to his dual poetic heritage. He left behind slogans, posters, plays, performances and film scripts. He actually stood at the origins of advertising - Mayakovsky made it what it is now. Mayakovsky came up with a new meter - the ladder - although some argue that this meter was generated by the desire for money: the editors paid for the poems line by line. One way or another, it was an innovative step in art. Vladimir Mayakovsky was also an actor. He himself directed the film "The Young Lady and the Hooligan" and played a major role there.
However, in recent years he was pursued by failure. His plays Bedbug and Bathhouse failed, and he slowly sank into depression. An adept of cheerfulness, fortitude, struggle, he scandalized, quarreled and indulged in despair. And in early April 1930, the magazine "Press and Revolution" removed the greeting to the "Great Proletarian Poet" from the press, and rumors spread: he wrote himself. This was one of the last blows. Mayakovsky took the failure hard.
Memory
Many streets in Russia, as well as metro stations, are named after Mayakovsky. There are metro stations "Mayakovskaya" in St. Petersburg and in Moscow. In addition, theaters and cinemas are named after him. One of the largest libraries in St. Petersburg also bears his name. Also discovered in 1969, a minor planet was named after him.
The biography of Vladimir Mayakovsky did not end after his death.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky(7 (19) July 1893, Baghdati, Kutaisi province - April 14, 1930, Moscow) - Russian Soviet poet.
In addition to poetry, he brightly distinguished himself as a playwright, screenwriter, film director, film actor, artist, editor of the LEF (Left Front), New LEF magazines.
Vladimir Mayakovsky was born in the village of Baghdati, Kutaisi province (in Soviet times, the village was called Mayakovsky) in Georgia in the family of Vladimir Konstantinovich Mayakovsky (1857-1906), who served as a third-class forester in the Erivan province, since 1889 in the Baghdad forestry. The poet's mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko (1867--1954), from a family of Kuban Cossacks, was born in the Kuban. One of the grandmothers, Efrosinya Osipovna Danilevskaya, is a cousin of the author of historical novels. The future poet had two sisters: Lyudmila (1884-1972) and Olga (1890-1949) and brothers Konstantin (died at the age of three from scarlet fever) and Alexander (died in infancy).
In 1902, Mayakovsky entered the gymnasium in Kutais. In July 1906, his father died of tetanus after pricking his finger with a needle while stitching papers. Since then, Mayakovsky could not stand pins and hairpins, bacteriophobia remained a lifelong one.
After the funeral of his father, Mayakovsky, together with his mother and sisters, moved to Moscow, where he entered the IV grade of the 5th classical gymnasium (now Moscow school No. 91), where he studied in the same class with Pasternak's brother Shura. In March 1908, he was expelled from class V due to non-payment of tuition.
Mayakovsky published the first "half-poem" in the illegal magazine Impulse, which was published by the Third Gymnasium. According to him, " it turned out incredibly revolutionary and equally ugly". In Moscow, Mayakovsky met revolutionary-minded students, began to get involved in Marxist literature, and in 1908 joined the RSDLP. He was a propagandist in the commercial and industrial sub-district, in 1908-1909 he was arrested three times (on the case of an underground printing house, on suspicion of being connected with a group of anarchist expropriators, on suspicion of complicity in the escape of female political convicts from Novinsky prison). Mayakovsky poet life creative
In the first case, he was released with transfer under the supervision of his parents by a court verdict as a minor who acted "without understanding", in the second and third cases he was released due to lack of evidence. In prison, Mayakovsky "scandalized", so he was often transferred from unit to unit: Basmannaya, Meshchanskaya, Myasnitskaya and, finally, Butyrskaya prison, where he spent 11 months in solitary confinement No. 103.
In prison in 1909, Mayakovsky again began to write poetry, but was dissatisfied with what he had written. In his memoirs he writes:
It came out stilted and tearful. Something like:
The forests were dressed in gold, in purple, The sun played on the heads of churches. I waited: but in the months the days were lost, Hundreds of weary days.
Wrote a whole notebook like this. Thanks to the guards - they were taken away at the exit. And then I would print it! - "I myself" (1922-1928). Despite such a critical attitude, Mayakovsky calculated the beginning of his work from this notebook. From prison after the third arrest, he was released in January 1910.
After his release, he left the party. In 1918 he wrote in his autobiography: “Why not in the party? The communists worked at the fronts. In art and education so far there are compromisers. I was sent to fish in Astrakhan.
In 1911, the poet's friend, the bohemian artist Eugenia Lang, inspired the poet to paint. Mayakovsky studied in the preparatory class of the Stroganov School, in the studios of the artists S. Yu. Zhukovsky and P. I. Kelin. In 1911 he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture - the only place where he was accepted without a certificate of reliability. Having met David Burliuk, the founder of the futuristic group "Gilea", he entered the poetic circle and joined the Cubo-Futurists.
The first published poem was called "Night" (1912), it was included in the futuristic collection "Slap in the Face of Public Taste". In 1913, the first collection of Mayakovsky's "I" was published (a cycle of four poems). It was written by hand, supplied with drawings by Vasily Chekrygin and Lev Zhegin and reproduced by lithographic method in the amount of 300 copies. As the first section, this collection was included in the poet's book of poems "Simple as a lowing" (1916).
Also, his poems appeared on the pages of the futurist almanacs "Mare's Milk", "Dead Moon", "Roaring Parnassus", etc., began to be published in periodicals. In the same year, the poet turned to dramaturgy. The programmatic tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" was written and staged. The scenery for it was written by artists from the "Union of Youth" P. N. Filonov and I. S. Shkolnik, and the author himself acted as a director and performer of the main role.
In February 1914, Mayakovsky and Burliuk were expelled from the school for public speaking. In 1914-1915, Mayakovsky worked on the poem "A Cloud in Pants". After the outbreak of the First World War, the poem "War is declared" was published.
In August, Mayakovsky decided to sign up as a volunteer, but he was not allowed, explaining this by political unreliability. Soon, Mayakovsky expressed his attitude to the service in the tsarist army in the poem “To you!”, Which later became a song. In July 1915, the poet met Lilya Yurievna and Osip Maksimovich Brik.
In 1915-1917, Mayakovsky, under the patronage of M. Gorky, served in the military in Petrograd at the Automobile Training School. The soldiers were not allowed to print, but he was saved by Osip Brik, who bought the poems “Flute-Spine” and “Cloud in Pants” at 50 kopecks per line and printed it. Anti-war lyrics: "Mother and the evening killed by the Germans", "Me and Napoleon", the poem "War and Peace" (1915). Appeal to satire. Cycle "Hymns" for the magazine "New Satyricon" (1915). In 1916, the first large collection "Simple as a lowing" was published. 1917 - “Revolution. Poetic Chronicle". On March 3, 1917, Mayakovsky led a detachment of 7 soldiers who arrested the commander of the Automobile Training School, General P. I. Secretev. It is curious that shortly before this, on January 31, Mayakovsky received a silver medal "For Diligence" from Secretev's hands. During the summer of 1917, Mayakovsky energetically petitioned for the recognition of him unfit for military service and was released from it in the fall. Mayakovsky in 1918 starred in three films based on his own scripts. In August 1917, he decided to write "Mystery Buff", which was completed on October 25, 1918 and staged on the anniversary of the revolution (dir. Vs. Meyerhold, art. K. Malevich)
On December 17, 1918, the poet for the first time read the poems “Left March” from the stage of the Sailor's Theater. In March 1919, he moved to Moscow, began to actively cooperate in ROSTA (1919-1921), designed (as a poet and as an artist) propaganda and satirical posters for ROSTA (“ROSTA Windows”). In 1919, the first collected works of the poet were published - “Everything composed by Vladimir Mayakovsky. 1909--1919". In 1918-1919 he appeared in the newspaper Art of the Commune. Propaganda of the world revolution and the revolution of the spirit. In 1920 he finished writing the poem "150,000,000", which reflects the theme of the world revolution. In 1918, Mayakovsky organized the Komfut group (communist futurism), in 1922 - the MAF publishing house (Moscow Association of Futurists), which published several of his books. In 1923 he organized the LEF group (Left Front of the Arts), the thick magazine LEF (seven issues were published in 1923-1925). Aseev, Pasternak, Osip Brik, B. Arvatov, N. Chuzhak, Tretyakov, Levidov, Shklovsky and others were actively published. He promoted Lef's theories of production art, social order, literature of fact. At this time, the poems “About This” (1923), “To the Kursk Workers Who Mined the First Ore, a Temporary Monument by Vladimir Mayakovsky” (1923) and “Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” (1924) were published.
Mayakovsky considers the years of the civil war the best time in his life, in the poem "Good!" prosperous 1927 nostalgic chapters. In 1922-1923, in a number of works, he continued to insist on the need for a world revolution and a revolution of the spirit - The Fourth International, The Fifth International, My Speech at the Genoa Conference, etc. In 1922-1924, Mayakovsky made several trips abroad - Latvia, France, Germany; wrote essays and poems about European impressions: “How does a democratic republic work?” (1922); "Paris (Conversations with the Eiffel Tower)" (1923) and a number of others.
In 1925, his longest journey took place: a trip to America. Mayakovsky visited Havana, Mexico City, and for three months performed in various US cities with poetry readings and reports. Later, poems were written (the collection "Spain. - Ocean. - Havana. - Mexico. - America") and the essay "My Discovery of America".
In 1925-1928 he traveled extensively throughout the Soviet Union, speaking to various audiences. During these years, the poet published such works as "To Comrade Netta, the steamboat and the man" (1926); "Across the cities of the Union" (1927); "The story of the foundryman Ivan Kozyrev ..." (1928). In 1922-1926 he actively collaborated with Izvestia, in 1926-1929 with Komsomolskaya Pravda. He was published in the magazines: "New World", "Young Guard", "Spark", "Crocodile", "Krasnaya Niva", etc. He worked in agitation and advertising, for which he was criticized by Pasternak, Kataev, Svetlov.
In 1926-1927 he wrote nine screenplays. In 1927, he restored the LEF magazine under the name "New LEF". There were 24 issues in total. In the summer of 1928, Mayakovsky became disillusioned with the LEF and left the organization and the magazine. In the same year, he began writing his personal biography, "I myself." From October 8 to December 8 - a trip abroad, on the route Berlin - Paris. In November, volumes I and II of the collected works were published. The satirical plays The Bedbug (1928) and The Bathhouse (1929) were staged by Meyerhold. The poet's satire, especially "Bath", caused persecution from Rapp's criticism.
In 1929, the poet organized the REF group, but already in February 1930 he left it, joining the RAPP. Many researchers of Mayakovsky's creative development liken his poetic life to a five-act action with a prologue and an epilogue. The role of a kind of prologue in the creative path of the poet was played by the tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1913); and the World" (1915-1916) and "Man" (1916-1917), the third act is the play "Mystery Buff" (the first version - 1918, the second - 1920-1921) and the poem "150,000 000" (1919-1920), the fourth act - the poems "I Love" (1922), "About this" (1923) and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1924), the fifth act - the poem "Good!" (1927) and the plays "Bedbug" (1928-1929) and "Bath" (1929-1930), an epilogue - the first and second introductions to the poem "Out loud" (1928--1930) and the poet's dying letter " Everyone" (April 12, 1930).
The rest of Mayakovsky's works, including numerous poems, gravitate towards one or another part of this general picture, which is based on the poet's major works. In his works, Mayakovsky was uncompromising, and therefore uncomfortable. In the works written by him in the late 1920s, tragic motifs began to appear. Critics called him only a “fellow traveler”, and not a “proletarian writer”, as he wanted to see himself. In 1929, he tried to hold an exhibition dedicated to the 20th anniversary of his work, but he was interfered in every possible way.
No other works of Russian poets are so replete with irony and ridicule as the work of Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky. unusually sharp, topical and mostly socially directed.
Curriculum vitae
Mayakovsky was born in Georgia. It was there, in the village of Baghdadi, that the future poet was born on July 17, 1893. In 1906, after the death of his father, he moved to Moscow with his mother and sisters. For an active political position, he goes to prison several times. Ends Even in his student years, Mayakovsky's futuristic path begins. Satire - along with shocking and bravado - becomes a hallmark of his poetry.
However, futurism, with its nihilistic protest, could not fully contain the full force of Mayakovsky's writing, and the themes of his poems quickly began to go beyond the chosen direction. More and more they heard the social overtones. The pre-revolutionary period in Mayakovsky's poetry has two pronounced directions: accusatory satirical, revealing all the shortcomings and vices, disastrous, behind which terrible reality destroys a person who embodies the ideal of democracy and humanism.
Thus, satire in the work of Mayakovsky at the earliest stages of his work became a hallmark of the poet among his comrades in the literary workshop.
What is futurism?
The word "futurism" is derived from the Latin futurum, meaning "future". This is the name of the avant-garde movement of the early 20th century, which is distinguished by the denial of past achievements and the desire to create something radically new in art.
Features of futurism:
- Anarchy and rebellion.
- Rejection of cultural heritage.
- Cultivating progress and industry.
- Epatage and pathos.
- Rejection of established norms of versification.
- Experiments in the field of versification with rhyme, rhythm, orientation to slogans.
- Creation of new words.
All these principles are perfectly reflected in Mayakovsky's poetry. Satire organically merges into these innovations and creates a unique style inherent in the poet.
What is satire?
Satire is a way of artistic description of reality, the task of which is to denounce, ridicule, impartial criticism of social phenomena. Satire most often uses hyperbole and the grotesque to create a distorted conditional image that embodies the ugly side of reality. Its main characteristic feature is a pronounced negative attitude towards the depicted.
The aesthetic orientation of satire is the cultivation of the main humanistic values: kindness, justice, truth, beauty.
In Russian literature, satire has a deep history, its roots can already be found in folklore, later it migrated to the pages of books thanks to A.P. Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin and many others. In the 20th century, the power of Mayakovsky's satire in poetry knows no equal.
Satire in verse
Already in the early stages of his work, Vladimir Mayakovsky collaborated with the magazines New Satyricon and Satyricon. The satire of this period has a touch of romanticism and is directed against the bourgeoisie. The poet's early poems are often compared with Lermontov's because of the opposition of the author's "I" to the surrounding society, because of the pronounced rebellion of loneliness. Although Mayakovsky's satire is clearly present in them. The poems are close to futuristic settings, very original. Among these are: “Nate!”, “Hymn to the Scientist”, “Hymn to the Judge”, “Hymn to Dinner”, etc. Already in the titles of the works, especially the “hymns”, one can hear irony.
The post-revolutionary work of Mayakovsky dramatically changes its direction. Now his heroes are not well-fed bourgeois, but enemies of the revolution. Poems are complemented by slogans and reflecting the surrounding changes. Here the poet showed himself as an artist, since many works consisted of verse and drawing. These posters are part of the ROSTA window series. Their characters are irresponsible peasants and workers, White Guards and bourgeois. Many posters denounce the vices of modernity that have remained from a past life, since post-revolutionary society seems to Mayakovsky an ideal, and everything bad in it is a relic of the past.
Among the most famous works, where Mayakovsky's satire reaches its apogee, are the poems "Seated", "About rubbish", "A poem about Myasnitskaya, about a woman and about the all-Russian scale." The poet uses the grotesque to create absurd situations and often speaks from a position of reason and a sound understanding of reality. All the power of Mayakovsky's satire is aimed at exposing the shortcomings and deformities of the world around him.
Satire in plays
Satire in the work of Mayakovsky is not limited to poems, it also manifested itself in plays, becoming a meaning-forming center for them. The most famous of them are "Klop" and "Bath".
The play "Banya" was written in 1930, and already with the definition of its genre, the author's irony begins: "a drama in six acts with a circus and fireworks." Its conflict consists in the confrontation between the official Pobedonosikov and the inventor Chudakov. The work itself is perceived easily and funny, but it shows the struggle with a senseless and ruthless bureaucratic machine. The conflict of the play is resolved very simply: a “phosphoric woman” arrives from the future and takes the best representatives of humanity with her, to where communism reigns, and bureaucrats are left with nothing.
The play "The Bedbug" was written in 1929, and on its pages Mayakovsky is at war with the bourgeoisie. The main character, Pierre Skripkin, miraculously ends up in a communist future after a failed marriage. It is impossible to clearly understand Mayakovsky's attitude to this world. The poet's satire mercilessly ridicules his shortcomings: machines do the work, love is eradicated... Skripkin seems to be the most alive and real person here. Under his influence, society gradually begins to collapse.
Conclusion
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky becomes a worthy successor to the traditions of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin and N.V. Gogol. In poems and plays, he manages to aptly identify all the "ulcers" and shortcomings of the contemporary writer's society. Satire in the works of Mayakovsky bears a pronounced focus on the fight against the bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie, bureaucracy, the absurdity of the surrounding world and its laws.
Mayakovsky's biography contains many dubious moments that make us wonder who the poet really was - a servant of communism or a romantic? A brief biography of Vladimir Mayakovsky will allow you to get a general idea of the life of the poet.
The writer was born in Georgia, in the village. Baghdadi, Kutaisi province, July 7, 1893. Little Vova studied well and diligently, showed interest in painting. Soon the Mayakovsky family is experiencing a tragedy - the father dies. Working as a forester, the father of the future poet was the only earner. Therefore, a family that has experienced the loss of a loved one finds itself in a difficult financial situation. Further, the biography of Mayakovsky leads us to Moscow. Vladimir is forced to help his mother earn money. He does not have time for classes, so he cannot boast of academic success. During this period, Mayakovsky disagrees with the teacher. As a result of the conflict, the rebellious nature of the poet first manifests itself, and he loses interest in his studies. The school decides to expel the future genius from school due to poor academic performance.
Biography of Mayakovsky: youthful years
After school, Vladimir joins the Social Democratic Party. During this period, the poet is subjected to several arrests. Vladimir wrote his first poem at this time. After his release, Mayakovsky continued his literary work. While studying at the gymnasium, the writer meets David Burliuk, who was the founder of a new literary movement - Russian futurism. Soon they become friends, and this leaves an imprint on the theme of Vladimir's work. He supports the futurists, joins their ranks and writes poetry in this genre. The first works of the poet are dated 1912. Soon the well-known tragedy "Vladimir Mayakovsky" will be written. In 1915, work was completed on the most outstanding poem "A Cloud in Trousers".
Biography of Mayakovsky: love experiences
His literary work was not limited to propaganda pamphlets and satirical fables. The theme of love is present in the life and work of the poet. A person lives as long as he experiences a state of love, Mayakovsky believed so. The biography and work of the poet testify to his love experiences. The muse of the writer - Lilya Brik, the closest person to him, was ambiguous in her feelings for the writer. Another great love of Vladimir - Tatyana Yakovleva - never married him.
The tragic death of Mayakovsky
To this day, there are conflicting rumors about the mysterious death of the poet. On April 14, 1930, the writer shot himself in his rented apartment in Moscow under unclear circumstances. Vladimir at that time was 37 years old. Whether it was suicide, or whether Mayakovsky was helped to go to the next world, one can only guess. A brief biography of Mayakovsky contains evidence that confirms any of the versions. One thing is indisputable: the country in one day lost a brilliant poet and a great man.
