How is man different from all living beings? The phenomenon of man. The qualitative difference between man and other living beings. What are families

Question 1. How is the origin of man revealed in the course of history?

The famous postulate - man descended from a monkey, is usually attributed to Charles Darwin, although the scientist himself, remembering the fate of his predecessor Georges Louis Buffon, who was ridiculed at the end of the 18th century for such ideas, cautiously expressed that humans and monkeys should have some common ancestor, monkey-like creature. According to Darwin himself, the genus homo originated somewhere around 3.5 million in Africa. It was not yet our compatriot Homo Sapiens, whose age is dated today at about 200 thousand years, but the first representative of the genus Homo - the great ape, hominid. In the course of evolution, he began to walk on two legs, use his hands as a tool, he began to progressively transform the brain, articulate speech and sociality. Well, the reason for evolution, like in all other species, was natural selection, and not God's plan.

Question 2. How is a person different from other living beings? How are human qualities manifested?

The most important sign of a person is that he is a social being, or social. Only in society, in communication between people, did the formation of such human qualities as language (speech), the ability to think, etc.

Question 3. Make a conclusion about the most important quality of a person.

The ability to think is the best human quality.

Question 4. Do you think that each person can play a prominent role in society; noble role? Can anyone make history? If yes, how?

We can make history, but this requires courage, courage and adherence to principles.

Question 5. What do the words mean: "Man is a biosocial being"?

MAN is a biosocial being, that is, a living being with the gift of thinking and speech, moral and ethical qualities, the ability to create tools of labor and use them in the process of social production; the subject of the historical process, the creator of all material and spiritual culture.

Question 6. What qualities of a person have a social nature (that is, they arise only in society)?

Each born child becomes a person only in society. And a person grows out of him only in a family, in a society where he is taught to live, they give him knowledge about the world around him, and form the ability to work. Being a public (social) being, man does not cease to be a being of nature. Nature created the human body. The social and biological are merged together in man. The straight gait, the structure of the brain, the outline of the face, the shape of the hands - all this is the result of changes that have taken place over a long time (millions of years). Each child has fingers obedient to his will: he can take a brush and paints, draw. But he can become a painter only in society. Everyone born has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but he can learn to think and talk only in society. Every person, like every animal, has a self-preservation instinct.

Question 7. What is the creative nature of human activity?

The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to it, he goes beyond his natural limitations, i.e., surpasses his own genotypically conditioned capabilities. As a result of the productive, creative nature of his activity, man has created sign systems, tools for influencing himself and nature. Using these tools, he built modern society, cities, machines, with their help he produced new commodities, material and spiritual culture, and ultimately transformed himself. The historical progress that has taken place over the past few tens of thousands of years owes its origin precisely to activity, and not to the improvement of the biological nature of people.

Question 8. What is the relationship between thinking and speech?

There is a close relationship between thought and language. They cannot be separated from each other without destroying both. Language does not exist without thinking, and thinking cannot be separated from language.

The main function of speech is that it is an instrument of thinking. In speech, we formulate a thought, but by formulating it, we form it, that is, by creating a speech form, thinking itself is formed. Thought and speech are not identified, they are included in the unity of one process. Thinking in speech is not only expressed, but for the most part it is done in speech. Thus, between speech and thinking there is not identity, but unity; in the unity of thinking and speech, thinking, not speech, is leading; speech and thinking arise in a person in unity on the basis of social practice.

Question 9. How are human abilities manifested?

Abilities, talents of a person are manifested and developed in the process of activity.

The child is playing. Builds a house out of cubes. Build a fortress out of sand. Assembles a model from the details of the designer. He plays mom, putting the doll to bed, pilot, salesman, car driver, astronaut. In the game, he repeats the actions of the elders, acquiring the first experience of human activity. The game teaches the child to plan his actions, to outline their goals, to look for suitable means. Diverse human qualities develop in gaming activities.

There comes a time when learning activity develops next to the game. In it, experience is mastered step by step. Studying educational texts, reading works of fiction, solving problems, performing various educational tasks, a person acquires the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society, improves thinking and speech, develops his creative abilities, acquires a profession. Along with studies comes work. First, this is housework, then, perhaps, in a school workshop, on a personal plot, and then the work of an adult - professional activity in production, in the service sector, intellectual activity. Labor expands the creative possibilities of a person, contributes to the formation of purposefulness, independence, perseverance, sociability and other human qualities.

Employment may vary. Cultivated fields, tools, houses and temples - all these are the fruits of industrial activity. Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik 1497, other legislative acts are the result of state activity. The expansion of borders, the formation of a multinational state is a consequence of political activity. Victories on Lake Peipus, on the Kulikovo field, in the Northern War or the Patriotic War of 1812 are the result of military activity. The discoveries of M. V. Lomonosov, the inventions of I. P. Kulibin, the works of D. I. Mendeleev are a product of intellectual activity. The famous Russian ballet, the paintings of the Wanderers are the embodiment of artistic activity.

Question 10. What is self-realization of a person?

In activity, self-realization of the individual takes place, i.e., the embodiment of plans and life goals in reality, which is possible only under the condition of free human activity. It is impelled to it, first of all, by the inner need of a person, his own desire to fulfill his life goal, to his own free development.

Question 11. Why is self-realization of a person possible only in activity?

The realization of life goals - self-realization - requires the exertion of a person's strength and can be considered as one of the indicators of his willpower. In the process of self-realization, in the course of his activity, a person overcomes the difficulties that arise, his own laziness, timidity, disbelief in his own strength. Thanks to this, significant results for society are achieved, the abilities of the individual develop. It is the socially useful results

Self-realization of a person brings him respect and recognition from other people, i.e., self-assertion of the personality takes place.

Question 12. People build dams on the rivers, and beavers build dams on the rivers. Explain how human activity differs from that of a beaver.

Instinct and reason.

A beaver, like bees, spiders, birds, has an instinct. As they built their "structures" generation after generation, so they will build, no better and no worse. Unlike a person.

Here is what Lev Uspensky writes about this, for example, in the book “A Word about Words”:

When I was born, I did not know how to knit fishing tackle, nor to mold clay bowls for milk. But if I need it, I, like Robinson Crusoe, will learn both. At first, of course, I will work worse than my teachers, then I can catch up with them and, perhaps, even surpass them. Who knows: maybe I'll even improve their skills!

But the baby spider, having been born yesterday, already knows how to weave webs no worse than the most experienced spider, who has eaten a lot of flies in his lifetime. The bee, leaving the chrysalis, begins to sculpt cells or prepare wax no less skillfully than the elderly winged craftswomen of her hive.

But no matter how long they live in the world, a young bee and a novice spider, they will never overtake the elders. None of them will ever come up with anything essentially new in their work.

Question 13. Read the poem and express your attitude to the words of the author.

For a man, thought is the crown of all living things, And the purity of the soul is the basis of being. By these signs we find a person: He is above all creatures on earth from time immemorial. And if he lives without thinking and not believing, then man does not differ from the beast.

If a person does not think, then he will be equivalent to a beast, a man must think and think, because he is a man, not a beast. Animals have one thought: to eat, find prey, and a person must create and bring something new to life.

Question 14. Explain the difference between the two statements:

a) man is a biological and social being;

b) man is a biosocial being.

a) Biological, because it arose in the course of evolution. Social, because all his life he is surrounded by other people.

b) Shows the activity of the individual, which is a consequence of the interaction of biological and social.

Question 15. Indicate what is inherent in a person by nature, and what is society.

By nature, a person has the ability to survive, as well as various needs for food, etc. and society develops personality, culture in a person.

I love nature and animals very much. At home I have a cat and a parrot, without which I would be very bored. I try to visit zoos in different cities, as well as observe the behavior of animals. The animal and plant world is striking in its diversity, because there are a huge number of living organisms on our planet.

What are the distinguishing features of animals from other organisms

First you need to figure out what exactly is included in the number of living organisms. These are those organisms that have a more complex chemical composition than that of inanimate objects. Such organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.

Animals differ from other living organisms very significantly, here are their main distinguishing features:

animals have a nervous system;
animals feed on other living organisms;
animals have the ability to move.

Plants and simpler living organisms are, as a rule, at the beginning of some kind of food chain, while animals are at a higher level.

Here is an elementary example of a simple chain: sheep eat grass, and wolves hunt sheep.

With changing climatic conditions, animals can migrate to another place where conditions are more favorable for them, and other living organisms often simply die.

What are the types of relationships between organisms

All living organisms interact with each other, but these interactions can be different.

There are positive interactions when some living organisms benefit others. For example, animal digestion waste helps to improve plant growth.

There can also be neutral relationships, when some living organisms do not bring any harm to others, but also benefits, for example, eating the fruits of trees by animals.

And there can also be a negative relationship, when some living organisms harm others. Examples include catching fish, eating other animals, and the like.

All living organisms on our planet carry out the cycle of matter and energy, so everything is interconnected.

How is man different from other living beings?
How are human qualities manifested?

The difference between humans and other living beings. What is a person? How is it different from animals? People have been thinking about these questions for a long time. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato answered them like this: "Man is a two-legged animal without feathers." Two thousand years later, the famous French physicist and mathematician B. Pascal objected to Plato: "A man without legs still remains a man, and a rooster without feathers does not become a man."

What distinguishes people from animals? There is, for example, a feature that is unique to humans: of all living beings, only humans have a soft earlobe. But is this fact the main thing that distinguishes man from animals?

Great thinkers came to the conclusion that the most important sign of a person is that he is a social being, or social (the Latin word socialis means "public"). (Recall from the history and biology courses what you know about the origin of man.) So, man is a social being. Only in society, in communication between people, did the formation of such human qualities as language (speech), the ability to think, etc.

Each born child becomes a person only in society. From birth, baby animals have instincts that help them navigate what they can and cannot eat, who can be attacked, and who should be feared. A human child after birth is the most unadapted to life of all living beings. And a person grows out of him only in a family, in a society where he is taught to live, they give him knowledge about the world around him, and form the ability to work.

There were cases when very young children got to animals. Growing up among animals, they did not learn to walk on two legs, talk, use various objects. They were not able to think like people, and when they were among people, they behaved like trapped animals.

But, being a public (social) being, man does not cease to be a being of nature. Nature created the human body. Only ghosts in scary tales are incorporeal. The result of the long development of nature is the human brain. Man is a wonderful creation of nature. It has many biological needs: to breathe, eat, sleep; it needs a certain thermal environment. Our body, blood, brain belong to nature. Therefore, man is a biological being. This is manifested in human anatomy and physiology, in the course of neuro-cerebral, electrical, chemical and other processes in the human body.

The social and the biological are merged together in man. The straight gait, the structure of the brain, the outline of the face, the shape of the hands - all this is the result of changes that have taken place over a long time (millions of years). Each child has fingers obedient to his will: he can take a brush and paints, draw. But he can become a painter only in society. Everyone born has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but he can learn to think and talk only in society. Every person, like every animal, has a self-preservation instinct. This means that in man the biological and social principles are organically interconnected, and only in such unity does man exist. This inseparable unity makes it possible to say that man is a biosocial being.

Thinking and speech. Along with labor and social relations, the most important difference between man and animals is the ability to think. Mental activity has evolved along with the development of the brain. Even the most highly organized modern animal - the great ape - does not have such a highly developed brain. Attempts to teach the monkey to think like a man, through many years of study with her, were unsuccessful.

Thanks to thinking, a person not only adapts to natural conditions, like an animal, but transforms the world. He creates what nature does not produce. After all, nature does not build cars, houses, railways. And man, transforming natural materials, creates new objects with the qualities he needs. To do this, he uses the accumulated knowledge. Without knowledge about the properties of natural objects, a person could not make any technical inventions. But to create technology, transport, means of communication, not only the ability to accumulate knowledge is necessary, but also the ability to use this knowledge to create mental models of those objects that a person needs and that he wants to make, produce. A person will first think, imagine what goal he wants to achieve, and then he will work to realize his plan. There are animals that also create something new: a spider weaves a web, a bee builds a honeycomb. But no one teaches them this, an innate instinct works in them. And none of the named (as well as others) representatives of wildlife can do anything more serious, complicated. K. Marx wrote that "the worst architect differs from the best bee from the very beginning in that, before building a cell from wax, he has already built it in his head." Consequently, human activity has a creative character: based on knowledge of the world, he creates something new, first in thoughts, and then by practical actions.

The need of people for communication, thanks to which only collective work is possible, led to the appearance of the first words (i.e., language). Human speech gradually developed, helping people to exchange thoughts. It is possible, of course, to transmit some signals to each other with the help of gestures (for example, we nod our heads in agreement), drawings, drawings and other signs. However, verbal language is the most developed, universal (universal) means of expressing thought. When a person reads a book, he joins the highest achievements of human thought, receives deep knowledge, perceives the author's feelings expressed in words. When a person thinks something to himself, this is accompanied by an internal "silent conversation" - imperceptible movements of the muscles of the tongue in the oral cavity. Thus, in addition to written and oral speech, there is also inner speech, soundless, not visible or heard by others.

Monkeys, which were tried to be taught to speak through special classes, were unable to master speech. And not only because the human vocal apparatus has been formed for millions of years, but also because a highly organized brain capable of thinking is also the result of a long historical development.

How does a person realize himself? Probably, every person would like his life not to be in vain. When a person passes away, they write on the tombstone: born in such and such a year, died in such and such. There is a dash between two dates. What is behind this dash? He drank, ate, walked the earth - and that's all? Or left behind a good memory?

Let's remember A. S. Pushkin: “No, I will not die all - the soul in the cherished lyre will survive my ashes and run away from decay ...” What remains for people? Created by the poet's work - his poems, poems, stories. Architects and builders leave towns and villages to people, scientists and writers leave books, gardeners leave parks and gardens. But not everyone can be builders and gardeners, you say. And right. However, philosophers have noticed: it is human nature to want to stand out in some way, to distinguish oneself in some way, to become noticed, famous, to deserve recognition, which would be preserved even after he passes away. However, this desire sometimes takes an ugly form. So, the Greek from the city of Ephesus Herostratus in the IV century. BC e., in order to immortalize his name, he burned the temple of Artemis - one of the seven wonders of the world.

Now in our life more and more attention is paid to the acquisition of material goods. Possession of things in itself does not characterize a person: the one who has things can be both a worthy and insignificant person. The German psychologist and sociologist Erich Fromm (1900-1980) wrote: “...Most people find it too difficult to give up their possession orientation: any attempt to do so causes them great anxiety, as if they have lost everything that gave them a sense of security, as if they, who could not swim, had been thrown into the abyss of the waves. They are unaware that, having cast aside the crutch that their property serves for them, they will begin to rely on their own strength and walk on their own feet. What does it mean? A person, according to E. Fromm, must be active. And this means "letting your abilities, talents, all the wealth of human talents, with which - albeit to varying degrees - every person is endowed, manifest itself."

Abilities, talents of a person are manifested and developed in the process of activity.

There comes a time when learning activity develops next to the game. Experience is mastered in it* step by step. Studying educational texts, reading works of fiction, solving problems, performing various educational tasks, a person acquires the knowledge and skills necessary for life in society, improves thinking and speech, develops his creative abilities, acquires a profession. Along with studies comes work. First, this is housework, then, perhaps, in a school workshop, on a personal plot, and then the work of an adult - professional activity in production, in the service sector, intellectual activity. Labor expands the creative possibilities of a person, contributes to the formation of purposefulness, independence, perseverance, sociability and other human qualities.

Employment may vary. Cultivated fields, tools, houses and temples - all these are the fruits of industrial activity. "Russian Truth", Sudebnik 1497, other legislative acts are the result of state activity. The expansion of borders, the formation of a multinational state is a consequence of political activity. Victories on Lake Peipus, on the Kulikovo field, in the Northern War or the Patriotic War of 1812 are the result of military activity. The discoveries of M. V. Lomonosov, the inventions of I. P. Kulibin, the works of D. I. Mendeleev are a product of intellectual activity. The famous Russian ballet, the paintings of the Wanderers are the embodiment of artistic activity.

Life goals can be very different: someone wants to devote his life to science, someone to business, another sees himself as a military man or dreams of having a big family and raising children. At the same time, it is important that the goals of each do not diverge from the interests of society. Therefore, for example, it is no coincidence that in our time, the activities of hackers - computer scientists who penetrate other people's information systems in order to acquire information or introduce false data into them are of great concern everywhere.

And we hope that you share the thoughts expressed by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov: “... I want to live independently of future generations, and not only for them. Life is given once, and you want to live it cheerfully, meaningfully, beautifully. I want to play a prominent, independent, prudent role, I want to make history so that the same generations do not have the right to say about each of us: it was insignificance or even worse ... ".

Summarize. What are the differences between humans and animals? First, a person is able to produce tools and use them. Secondly, he has a complexly organized brain, thinking and articulate speech. Thirdly, a person is capable of purposeful creative activity.

Man is a biosocial being, which is a special link in the development of living organisms on Earth.

Basic concepts

Man, self-realization.

Terms

Social, biological, thinking, speech.

Questions for self-examination

What do the words "Man is a biosocial being" mean?
What properties of a person are biological?
What qualities of a person have a social nature (that is, they arise only in society)?
What is the creative nature of human activity?
What is the relationship between thinking and speech?
How are human abilities manifested?
What is human self-realization?
Why is self-realization of a person possible only in activity?

Tasks

People build dams on the rivers, and beavers build dams on the rivers. Explain how human activity differs from that of a beaver.
The spider skillfully weaves a web - a network with which it obtains food. A man fishes with a fishing net. He uses the net in a sieve, in a tennis and badminton racket. The man-made tulle curtain on the window is also a net. Consider how human web-making is different from spider-web weaving.
Read the poem and express your attitude to the words of the author.
Explain the difference between the two statements:
1. man is a biological and social being;
2. Man is a biosocial being.
Indicate what is inherent in a person by nature, and what is society.
Describe what the social (public) essence of a person is.
Name which of the considered human qualities you value most of all.
Refer to the above words of A.P. Chekhov and think: can each person play a prominent role in society; noble role? Can any of you make history? If yes, how?
Express your attitude to the statement of the French historian Mark Blok: “History ... has its own aesthetic joys, unlike the joys of any other science. The spectacle of human activity, which is its special subject, is more than any other capable of capturing the human imagination.

From a biological point of view, a person is defined as an animal that belongs to the class of mammals of the species Homo sapiens, to the order of primates.

What is a person?

But man is significantly different from other living beings, and the main difference lies in his consciousness and in the fact that man has self-consciousness. A person has social and psychological qualities, and functions not only as a living organism, but also as a social object.

A person is able to realize his nature, to think and realize the objects around him and the world. Therefore, man is considered the most intelligent being on Earth. Man has managed to create and develop his own culture. People have created what is called civilization and continue to actively improve and update it.

How is man different from other living beings?

Philosophy and psychology study the inner world of a person, his social side and the development of his personality, and anatomy studies the body shell of a person. The main features of a person as a separate biological species are upright posture, the presence of hands adapted to work and a highly developed brain that is able to reflect and comprehend the world in certain concepts and categories.

The species and individual characteristics of a person are formed under the influence of social and natural conditions, largely depend on the region of the planet in which he lives and in which society he functions. People have certain racial varieties - by skin color, by hair color, by eye shape. It depends on adaptation to the peculiarities of the natural habitat of people.

Therefore, there are different physiological, biological and anatomical signs. But despite this, any person, regardless of race and habitat, still has common human characteristics. And all people are inherent in participation in the sphere of life and in society.

Natural and social in man

Man differs from all other types of living beings in that he can combine two essences - biological and social. In addition to being a separate biological species, it lives in nature and constantly interacts with other living species and creatures.

But for a long time, man not only does not obey nature, but also tries to subordinate it completely to himself in order to satisfy his needs of various kinds. A person is special in that he also has social needs, and using the resources of nature, he tries to satisfy them.

Also, a person is recognized as a social being, which cannot be constantly outside of society and is highly dependent on it at all levels. Man created a developed society on his own, and now he is trying to match it. For this reason, it is believed that the main features of a person are that he is a social being and that he is able to think rationally and has self-consciousness.

What are the main differences between humans and other living beings? and got the best answer

Answer from Cap[guru]
Animals can adapt to their environment
man adapts his environment to suit himself.
One of the main differences between man and animal lies in his relationship with nature. If an animal is an element of living nature and builds its relationship with it from the standpoint of adaptation to the conditions of the surrounding world, then a person does not just adapt to the natural environment, but seeks to subordinate it to himself to a certain extent, creating tools for this. With the creation of tools, the way of life of a person changes. The ability to create tools for the transformation of the surrounding nature testifies to the ability to work consciously. Labor is a specific type of activity inherent only to man, which consists in the implementation of influences on nature in order to ensure the conditions for its existence.
The main feature of labor is that labor activity, as a rule, is carried out only jointly with other people. This is true even for the simplest labor operations or activities of an individual nature, since in the process of their implementation a person enters into certain relationships with the people around him. For example, the work of a writer can be characterized as individual. However, in order to become a writer, a person had to learn to read and write, receive the necessary education, i.e., his labor activity became possible only as a result of involvement in the system of relations with other people. Thus, any work, even seemingly purely individual at first glance, requires cooperation with other people.
Consequently, labor contributed to the formation of certain human communities that were fundamentally different from animal communities. These differences consisted in the fact that, firstly, the unification of primitive people was caused by the desire not just to survive, which is typical to a certain extent for herd animals, but to survive by transforming the natural conditions of existence, i.e., with the help of collective labor.
Secondly, the most important condition for the existence of human communities and the successful performance of labor operations is the level of development of communication between members of the community. The higher the level of development of communication between members of the community, the higher not only the organization, but also the level of development of the human psyche. Thus, the highest level of human communication - speech - has led to a fundamentally different level of regulation of mental states and behavior - regulation with the help of the word. A person who is able to communicate using words does not need to make physical contact with the objects around him to form his behavior or idea of the real world. To do this, it is enough for him to have information that he acquires in the process of communicating with other people.
It should be noted that it is the features of human communities, which consist in the need for collective labor, that determined the emergence and development of speech. In turn, speech predetermined the possibility of the existence of consciousness, since a person's thought always has a verbal (verbal) form. For example, a person who, by a certain coincidence, came to animals in his childhood and grew up among them, cannot speak, and his level of thinking, although higher than that of animals, does not at all correspond to the level of thinking of a modern person.
Thirdly, for the normal existence and development of human communities, the laws of the animal world, based on the principles of natural selection, are unsuitable. The collective nature of labor, the development of communication not only led to the development of thinking, but also led to the formation of specific laws of the existence and development of the human community. These laws are known to us as the principles of morality and morality.

Answer from Ѐomanov Dmitry[guru]
Ability to think abstractly

Answer from What already is.[guru]
Thinking. i.e. mind.

Answer from Marisa[expert]
the presence of a speech apparatus and the biological need to be accepted into a community of their own kind, hence the development of thinking and intelligence, etc., tools of human activity

Answer from Kostya Chichaikin[newbie]
thank you

Answer from Anna Solntseva[newbie]
Thanks a lot