Is it possible to change the structure of DNA. The human genome changes with age. Experiments on the creation of genetically modified people and the science of eugenics
10.04.2015 13.10.2015
The human body contains between 50 and 100 trillion cells, each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
The sentence: “You can’t crush genes with your finger” was read and heard by many. The intended meaning of the phrase is what genes a person got from his parents, with those he will walk all his life.
Western scientists have found that 10% of DNA in the human body is involved in the construction of proteins, and 90% of biologists consider DNA "junk" on the grounds that they do not know and do not understand their purpose.
Russian scientist - biophysicist, biologist P. Garyaev, together with colleagues, established and proved by experiments that the "junk" DNA of the human body can change under the influence of sounds of a certain frequency. That is, Russian scientists have proved that miraculous healings of people from deadly diseases (stage 4 cancer, AIDS, diseases of the kidneys, liver, heart) with the help of spells are not quackery or inventions of traditional healers, but a fact that has a scientific explanation.
Now it is possible to explain the impact on the human body of such activities / actions as affirmation, passionate prayer, hypnosis, which can change a person's behavior for the better.
Each person is independently able to change their own DNA for the better with the help of thought, language, word and way of life.
Information on how to get rid of "bad" heredity on your own
The fact that thought is material will not be challenged by the greatest scientist, the conservative. Only the vast majority of people misunderstand the phrase "thought is material." Everyone believes that it is enough to want something, and it should immediately come true. By analogy: a person put all the necessary radio components near him, wrote the word “radio” and waits for the music to play. In order for a set of radio components to become a radio receiver, a person needs to assemble them correctly. The phrase “correctly assemble” is decisive, because when a person needs to get from Bologoye to Moscow, and he goes to St. Petersburg, no matter how intensively he “stomps”, until he turns around, he will not get to Moscow.
In order to change the "bad" heredity, a person must do several mandatory things:
1. Desire to change your genes;
2. Outline the right plan with which you can change your genes;
3. Strictly adhere to the chosen correct plan;
craving
People involved in esotericism know that a passionate desire forms a need, that is, what a person passionately desires becomes necessary. In the universe, mechanisms are being launched by which a person can change his genes. More precisely, these mechanisms have existed since the creation of the Universe, but with his passionate desire, a person presses the “button” that is necessary FOR HIMSELF.
Map out the right plan
Let's look at the "right plan" for a person who is prone to alcoholism because his father "rewarded" such genes.
Such a person gets drunk faster than people who have normal genes, and his internal organs can quickly begin to irreversibly change from the alcohol he takes (cirrhosis of the liver, stroke, heart / kidney disease). It is not enough for such a person to simply “quit drinking”, the genes from such an act do not change, the “sword of Damocles” will always hang over him to go into a binge.
There must be a mental attitude that genes are changing - here and now. And changes will begin to occur, because the biochemical composition of a person will change. Someone will ask: "How and why?" After all, no one questions the fact that an absolutely sober person (did not drink alcohol) behaves like a drunk under the influence of a hypnotist. Think about it, the words of one person produced in another person a change in his biochemical composition and, as a result, his behavior changed.
Proper nutrition, the use of high-quality drinking water (it is necessary to melt), the correct daily routine (sleep from 19 - 00 to 24 - 00 is the most effective) and after a year a glass of alcohol will no longer have such an impact on a person as before realizing that you need what - then change in yourself.
Strictly adhere to the chosen correct plan
Here, perhaps, there is nothing to comment on. The option when we “do exercises” for a week, and then “to relax with a good snack” we drink alcohol will not work - sooner or later, irreversible processes will begin in the human body with all the ensuing consequences.
How medicine can help people change their DNA
At the gene level, there is a predisposition not only to alcoholism, but also to cancer, tuberculosis, heart / kidney / liver diseases and many others. And all these people can be helped to change their lives for the better.
I think that in this article it is not necessary to describe the mechanism of influence on human DNA: ether, torsion fields, electromagnetic oscillations, resonant oscillations - a clear knowledge of these terms will not bring a person predisposed to any disease closer to health.
A change in human DNA in a positive direction will lead to: 
· Awareness that he can change it to do;
· Actions in the right direction, his, the patient's, actions, and not the doctor, mom / dad / acquaintances / friends. “The road will be mastered by the walking one”;
A person is 85% water, in old age up to 60%. Therefore, it is difficult to underestimate the importance of high-quality drinking water for human health. Water absorbs and stores the information that a person put into it.
In the morning, after sleep, put a glass of good drinking water on the palm of your left hand, and with the palm of your right hand move clockwise around the glass and confidently say whatever you want it to happen in your body. Just don't doubt that it will happen. Doubts are able to destroy the very powerful construction, remember as in the Bible: "According to your faith it will be to you."
For some reason, people are too lazy to move, even for themselves. If you want to change your DNA, it will definitely happen, only you need to do things.
Changing human DNA that is passed on to future generations has long been considered ethically closed and banned in many countries. Scientists report they are using new tools to repair disease genes in human embryos. Although the researchers are using defective embryos and have no intention of implanting them in a woman's uterus, the work is troubling.
A change in the DNA of human eggs, sperm, or embryos is known as a germline change. Many scientists are calling for a moratorium on the revision of clinical embryos, editing the human germ line, and many believe that this type of scientific activity should be banned.
However, editing the DNA of a human embryo may be ethically acceptable to prevent illness in a child, but only in rare cases and with guarantees. These situations can be limited to couples where they both have serious genetic conditions and for whom embryo editing is really the last reasonable option if they want to have a healthy baby.
The danger of deliberately changing genes
Scientists believe that editing a human embryo may be acceptable to prevent a child from inheriting serious genetic diseases, but only if certain safety and ethical criteria are met. For example, a couple cannot have "reasonable alternatives" such as being able to select healthy embryos for in vitro fertilization (IVF) or through prenatal testing and abortion of a fetus with a disease. Another situation that may meet the criteria is if both parents have the same medical condition, such as cystic fibrosis.
The scientists warn of the need for strict government oversight to prevent germline editing from being used for other purposes, such as giving a child desirable, distinctive traits.
By editing genes in patient cells that are not inherited, clinical trials are already underway to fight HIV, hemophilia and leukemia. It is believed that the existing regulatory systems for gene therapy are sufficient to carry out such work.
Genome editing should not be to increase potency, increase muscle strength in a healthy person, or lower cholesterol levels.
Human germline gene editing or human germline modification means the intentional modification of genes that is passed on to children and future generations.
In other words, creation of genetically modified humans. Human germline modification has been considered a taboo subject for many years due to safety and social reasons. It is formally banned in more than 40 countries.
Experiments on the creation of genetically modified people and the science of eugenics
However, in recent years, new methods of genetic engineering have been used to experiment with human embryos. For research, genes and human embryos associated with beta blood disease - thalassemia were used. The experiments were mostly unsuccessful. But gene-editing tools are being developed in labs around the world and are expected to make it easier, cheaper, and more accurate to edit or delete genes than ever before. Modern yet theoretical methods of editing the genome will allow scientists to insert, delete and tweak DNA with positive results. This holds the promise of treating certain diseases, such as sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, and certain types of cancer.
Selection in relation to humans - eugenics
Gene editing of human embryos or the direction of eugenics leads to the creation of genetically modified very different people. This causes serious security due to social and ethical issues. They range from the prospect of irreversible harm to the health of future children and generations, to opening doors to new forms of social inequality, discrimination and conflict and a new era of eugenics.
The science of eugenics for human selection came into existence in the middle of the last century as a science of the Nazi direction.
Scientists are not allowed to make changes to human DNA, which is passed on to subsequent generations. Such an innovative step in the science of eugenics should be considered only after additional research, after which changes can be made under severe restrictions. Such work should be prohibited in order to prevent serious illness and disability.
Variation caused by changing genes is also called mutations.
It is a long taboo against making changes in the genes of human sperm, eggs or embryos, because such changes will be inherited by future generations. This is taboo in part because of the fear that mistakes could inadvertently create new artificial diseases that could then become a permanent part of the human gene pool.
Another problem is that this species can be used for genetic modification for non-medical purposes. For example, scientists could theoretically try to create a child constructor in which parents try to select the traits of their children to make them smarter, taller, better athletes, or with other supposedly necessary attributes.
Nothing like this is currently possible. But even the prospect causes fears of scientists to significantly change the course of evolution and the creation of people who are considered genetically improved, to come up with what dystopias of the future, described in films and books.
Any attempt to create babies from sperm, eggs or embryos that have their own DNA and attempt to edit can only be done under very carefully controlled conditions and only to prevent devastating disease.
It can be difficult to further distinguish between using gene editing to prevent or treat a disease and using it to enhance a person's abilities.
For example, if scientists manage to find out that gene changes increase mental abilities to fight off dementia in Alzheimer's disease, then this can be considered preventive medicine. If you simply radically improve the memory of a healthy person, then this is no longer a medical direction.
When is it allowed to change DNA
The ability to edit genes can be used to treat many diseases and possibly even prevent many devastating disorders from occurring in the first place by editing out genetic mutations in the sperm, egg and embryo. Some potential changes could prevent a wide range of diseases, including breast cancer, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Huntington's disease.
Clinical trials for gene editing should be allowed if:
- no “reasonable alternative” to prevent “serious illness”
- it has been convincingly proven that genes, when edited, eliminate the cause of the disease
- changes are aimed only at the transformation of such genes that are associated with the usual state of health
- Sufficient preliminary research work has been carried out on the risks and potential health benefits
- continuous, rigorous supervision to study the effect of the procedure on the health and safety of participants, and long-term comprehensive plans
- there is maximum transparency in accordance with patient confidentiality and reassessment of health, social benefits and risks is underway
- there are robust oversight mechanisms in place to prevent the spread of a serious disease or condition.
Proponents of human germline editing argue that it could potentially reduce, or even eliminate, the occurrence of many serious genetic diseases that would reduce human suffering throughout the world. Opponents say that altering human embryos is dangerous and unnatural, and does not take into account the consent of future generations.
Discussion on the change of the human embryo
Let's start with the objection that changing the fetus is unnatural or playing against God.
This argument is based on the premise that natural is inherently good.
But illnesses are natural and people by the millions fall ill and die prematurely - all quite naturally. If we only protected natural beings and natural phenomena, we would not be able to use antibiotics to kill bacteria or otherwise practice medicine or fight drought, famine, pestilence. The health care system is maintained in every developed country and can rightly be described as part of a comprehensive attempt to thwart the course of nature. Which of course is neither good nor bad. Natural substances or natural treatments are better, if they are, of course, possible.
Leads to an important moment in the history of medicine and genome editing and represents promising scientific endeavors for the benefit of all mankind.
Interference with the human genome is permitted only for prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and without modification for offspring.
Rapid progress in the field of genetics, the so-called "designer babies" increases the need for bioethics for a broader public and debate about the power of science. Science is able to genetically modify human embryos in the laboratory to control inherited traits such as appearance and intelligence.
As of now, many countries have signed an international convention banning this kind of gene editing and DNA modification.
Can good or bad habits, diets and sports be reflected in children or grandchildren? Will our lack of sleep or extra glasses of champagne come back to haunt our descendants - suddenly, because of our unwise decisions, children will show a tendency to alcoholism, diabetes, or carpal tunnel syndrome? Look At Me provides the main arguments of genetic scientists, doctors and other specialists who answered this question in the "Ask Science" section on Reddit.
Does lifestyle affect DNA?
While lifestyle does not affect the structure of DNA, it can affect factors that regulate gene activity. This phenomenon is called epigenetic inheritance: depending on what factors influenced the organism during its life, its offspring may or, conversely, not manifest some of the properties that were originally embedded in the genetic code.
The structure of the genome itself, transmitted to the offspring, can only be changed during pregnancy: poor nutrition, stress or diseases suffered by the mother during this period can cause mutations at the gene level and damage to the DNA structure - for example, children can be born due to such mutations with an extra chromosome. But these changes are rather random, do not always occur and are often not associated with the mother's lifestyle. This is a genetic anomaly that is difficult to predict before conception, but today, future parents can be warned with the help of prenatal diagnostics - the research program includes a special test that allows you to check the fetus for 6,000 possible developmental disorders.
However, not all properties passed from parents to offspring are embedded in DNA. The mechanism of inheritance outside the structure of the genetic code is studied by a special branch of science - epigenetics. The term itself was coined by the Englishman Conrad Waddington in the 50s. The scientist did not yet know how the human genome is arranged, but he suspected the existence of a certain mechanism that controls the hereditary material of living beings. In the 1990s, when human DNA was deciphered, researchers remembered epigenetics and found support for Waddington's hypotheses. Now epigenetic (literally - "overgene") inheritance refers to all changes associated with the phenotype or gene expression that appear in descendants in the first generation in living beings and in several generations in cellular organisms.
scientists do not know exactly how inheritance occurs in living beings. To trace the causes of the manifestation of similar signs, it is necessary to take into account an infinite number of factors: the conditions in which the growth and development of the animal took place, environmental factors, ecology, cosmic radiation, and so on. Researchers can't say for sure what influences gene expression, and if you exhibit the same traits as your parents, it doesn't mean they've been passed down to you genetically. Perhaps your phenotype is influenced by the climate, the pace of life in your hometown, or the consumption of foods familiar to your family.
It is especially difficult to describe the mechanism of inheritance of certain traits and character traits in humans.- unlike most animals, people in their development are highly dependent on society, and the child in the process of growing up is influenced by his relatives, peers, teachers, movie characters, norms and orders accepted in society. Roughly speaking, if a family goes in for sports for three generations, this does not mean that children inherit relief muscles genetically: first of all, they are influenced by upbringing and the family tradition of spending evenings in the gym.
But what if not only physiological characteristics, but also patterns of behavior can be transmitted from generation to generation? Thanks to this question, a new direction has recently appeared - behavioral epigenetics. Scientists working in this field suggest that the lifestyle of the parent organism can affect the character and behavioral scenarios of the offspring.
In 2013, the authoritative journal Neuroscience published the results of experiments on laboratory mice: the researchers taught the animal to be afraid of the smell of cherries (they seem to explain nothing about the choice of aroma), and then observed the manifestation of the same fear in the offspring of this mouse and even subsequent generations .
We cannot know exactly what caused this: perhaps the mechanism of genetic transmission of behavioral scenarios is much more complex and manifests itself in mice in a completely different way than in humans. But biologists say that the ability to transmit acquired skills through genetic means would be a good accelerator of evolution, because in this way more perfect creatures would appear much faster than due to random gene mutations. If you believe that nature is arranged logically, the transmission of patterns of behavior would be very useful for the development of living beings.
but are all behavioral scenarios passed on to offspring, or only those that were beneficial to the parent being? Fear is a manifestation of the instinct of self-preservation, which helps the mouse protect itself and the future of the population, and the habit of drinking alcohol, for example, has the exact opposite effect. Geneticists say that the presence of several relatives suffering from alcoholism in the family tree does not increase the chances of a child to become addicted to alcohol: most likely, there will be a predisposition to alcoholism in his DNA, but without the stimulating influence of the social environment, this gene will not manifest itself.
It turns out that the experience gained by the parents can still affect the offspring, but cannot change the DNA. Since epigenetic inheritance was discovered quite recently, researchers did not have the opportunity to track it in several generations of people: now the phenomenon is being studied in mice, whose DNA structure is close to human, and the reproduction rate allows you to track gene expression in parents, children and grandchildren. But the question of projecting the results of experiments on people remains open.
Going in for sports or observing the right diet, you do not change your genetic code, but use the opportunities inherent in nature. You can compare this to game consoles: inserting different cartridges will give you different results, but without the console itself with certain technical characteristics, the cartridges mean nothing. In any case, taking care of yourself and your health is not a bad idea, even if the good habits you develop with such hard work are not passed on epigenetically to your children.
Identical twins have the same set of genes. But for some reason, one does not get out of the disease, and the other never sneezed. It turns out that our health depends not only on what we inherit from our parents, but also on other factors? The science of epigenetics has proven that a person can change what is written for him, that is, his DNA. In what way?
If a person sticks to a balanced diet, forgets about bad habits and acquires good ones, he will not only be able to change his life program, written in his own DNA, but also pass on healthy genes to his descendants, which will prolong the years of children and grandchildren.
Garlic turns on the genes
The first and foremost is food. In principle, each of the products can affect the work of genes. But there are some, the usefulness of which scientists have already proven 100 percent.
Among them is green tea. Green tea contains catechins (epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin), which can suppress cancer-causing genes and activate those genes that can fight tumors. Drinking 2-3 small cups of green tea every day is enough to keep your DNA in anti-cancer combat readiness. Green tea is especially useful for women, among whose relatives there are patients with breast tumors.
Another product is garlic. Other compounds work in garlic - diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide. It is necessary to eat 2-3 cloves of garlic a day to start the genes that manage not only the processes of cell death that give metastases, but also fight old age, prolong life.
The third panacea is soy. Soy contains isoflavones (genistein, daidzein) - an effective antitumor agent for breast cancer, prostate, larynx, colon and leukemia. Scientists advise using soy in dietary supplements and sticking to the dosage indicated on the packages.
The fourth fighter for healthy genes is grapes and products from it (juice and wine). A bunch of dark grapes (that's 120 g of grape juice or 100 g of dry red wine) added to your daily menu will provide the body with resveratrol, a gene-changing substance.
In a diet that will appeal to good genes, it is worth including 100 g of dark red tomatoes (substance lycopene) with the addition of olive oil. Tomatoes should be eaten four times more if there are cancer patients in the family.
Another vegetable that your heirs will remember with a kind word is broccoli (substance indole-3-carbinol). 100 g of broccoli - each, 300 g - at risk of cancer.
Be sure to eat nuts, fish, eggs and mushrooms - they provide the body with microelements selenium and zinc, which also change DNA.
The obese constitution was fixed in the genome
The work of genes depends on the diet. The diet should be low-calorie (no more than 2 thousand kcal per day). It delays the aging of a person, guarantees longevity to his children and grandchildren. Epigenetics also explains the obesity epidemic that has broken out today: we are becoming more and more full because our mothers overeat before and during pregnancy. This is confirmed by experiments conducted on animals: overfed mice each time produced even more obese offspring, and a similar constitution was fixed in the genome.
Genes like it when their owner keeps himself in good physical shape. Scientists have determined that regular exercise for 45 days on a regular exercise bike activates about 500 genes! And if you practice regularly and further, you can change even more genes for the better.
About bad habits written-rewritten. But the influence of cigarettes, alcohol and drugs directly on genes has only recently been proven. It turns out that more than 150 sections of DNA in chronic alcoholics get abnormal activity. Result: the alcoholic cannot concentrate, does not remember anything, cannot control his emotions. But the saddest thing is that he passes on diseased genes to offspring.
And about 120 genes remain changed even 10 years after quitting cigarettes. And again, among them are the most important genes that control cell division. The result is cancer in the smoker. But there is reason for optimism: genes can be corrected, and the less experience of addiction to, the sooner this can be done.
Genes are also affected by emotions, both positive and negative, received at home, in the family, at work.
And, finally, the ecological situation in which a person lives. Obviously, industrial emissions, car exhausts, nitrates in food, polluted water also lead to breakdowns in the genes.
Do you want to live longer? Do you wish health to your children and grandchildren? Then take care of your genes.
Now you know how to do it?
DNA is a chemical substance that is subject to external influences. These influences can be physical (temperature, ultraviolet and radiation) or chemical (free radicals, carcinogens, etc.).
## Temperature
For every 10 degrees increase in temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction doubles. Of course, in the cell nucleus (where DNA is stored) there are no such temperature drops. But there are small changes that can cause the DNA to react with some substance dissolved nearby.
## ULTRAVIOLET
Ultraviolet affects us almost always. In winter, these are negligible doses. In the summer - significant. If an ultraviolet photon hits a DNA molecule, its energy is enough to form a new chemical bond. Neighboring DNA links (nucleotides) can form an additional bond with each other, which will lead to disruption of DNA reading and replication. Or the UV photon can cause the DNA strand to break due to its high energy.
## RADIATION
radiation radiation. Do you think it is only on the reactor? There is a so-called normal radiation background, that is, several particles fly around and through us every second, and this does not always happen without a trace for our DNA. To understand the magnitude of background radiation, look here.
But don't be afraid. The background is called normal for a reason. Not all particles pass through the skin, not all of those that have penetrated penetrate deeply, and those that have penetrated often crash into other molecules and atoms in the cell, of which there are a lot. Only a few get to DNA, and that may not have any effect on it.
By the way, the higher above the ground, the brighter the background radiation. This is due to cosmic radiation, from which the earth's magnetic field and atmosphere protect us to a greater extent. The farther from the earth, the weaker the magnetic field and the thinner the atmosphere, and more high-energy particles bombard our body.
## FREE RADICALS
Among chemicals, a greater role is given to free radicals, which are constantly formed in the cell. It is a by-product of redox processes, without which life is impossible. Of course, over millions of years of evolution, only those organisms have survived that have developed a system for neutralizing free radicals. We have it too. But nothing is 100% effective, and no, no, a few radicals manage to damage DNA.
Speaking of radiation. It is also responsible for the formation of free radicals. Those high-energy particles that have reacted with substances surrounding DNA often result in the formation of radicals.
## CARCINOGENES
With regard to carcinogens, a good example is benzpyrene, a substance formed during the combustion of coal and hydrocarbons such as gasoline. It is found in exhaust gases and smoke from a fire. Bezpyrene has a high affinity for DNA and is integrated into the DNA structure, thereby disrupting the nucleotide sequence. There are other mechanisms of DNA damage.
Causes are not limited to external influences. The interior kitchen is also not without flaws. DNA is a dynamic molecule that often doubles, constantly unraveling and tangling, changing its position in space. Not all of these processes go smoothly, and DNA strand breaks, rearrangement and even loss of chain sections, and the fusion of several molecules into one can occur. When a cell divides, not all chromosomes can keep up with newly formed cells, and one of the daughter cells may have fewer chromosomes, while the other has more. This is also a mutation.
DNA duplication also occurs not exactly, but with errors. Moreover, each copy is slightly shorter than the original because the edges (telomeres) are difficult to copy. Sooner or later (when we are already old) telomeres shorten so much that the coding sections of DNA fall into the "under the knife".
All this sounds scary, but firstly, mutations are often indifferent and rarely have negative consequences, secondly, in the course of evolution, a DNA damage repair mechanism has arisen that does its job well, and thirdly, the mutation process is a necessary component for evolution. and allows the birth of something that has not yet been in nature.
