Presentation on the topic "Peter I: hero or tyrant?" Lesson-judgment “Peter the Great - the great reformer or tyrant of the Reformation of Peter. Military reform

The problem of “genius” and “villainy” is one of the eternal ones in philosophy, and in the classical artistic heritage, and in historical literature. It can be formulated, in particular, this way: how compatible in one personality (contradictory, unstable, complex, fluid, like mercury) are good impulses for progress, merciless, profound reforms, a radical transformation of society - and sadistic obsession, the desire to personally doom millions of people to death. They say, in the name of “state necessity,” because “this is how it should be,” and “future generations will appreciate” and forgive the inevitable cruelty of what was done.

Future generations still do not remain indifferent to one of the brightest and most terrible executioners (and at the same time - reformers) on the throne, the founder of a powerful granite, ceremonial, pompous, pretentious and blood-fed empire, unique in its own way in the history of Europe (but not Asia) - to Peter Alekseevich Romanov, officially, during his lifetime, by decree of the submissive and intimidated Senate, recognized as “Father of the Fatherland” and “Peter the Great”. The attitude towards Peter I in Russia is very interesting. In moments of even the most timid attempts at new reforms, there is a desire to approach the legacy of the Great Transformer quite critically, to pay attention to the incredibly terrible price that was paid for his victories (among modern historians in this sense, it is necessary to note the approach of Evgeniy Anisimov). When a deafening imperial “drumbeat” is heard from above, the image of Peter again rises to an unattainable height; before us is an “ideal monarch”, whose portrait adorns the offices of officials of the highest rank, perhaps the “state-forming symbol” of the modern Russian Federation (“Peter the Great” is the name of one of the country’s powerful aircraft carrier cruisers). Let us briefly consider what this man and this monarch were like.

Our people have very good reasons to remember that “Great Peter” drenched the autonomous Hetman Ukraine with blood; Hanging, crucifying, chopping off the heads of real and imaginary opponents, he drowned in blood the remnants of state independence on our land. But that's exactly why! - fully sharing Shevchenko’s hatred of this extraordinary “crowned executioner”, one can and should carefully analyze, “take apart the bones” of the activities of “that First One who crucified our Ukraine”, try to understand him. Who knows, maybe it will come in handy? After all, Peter embodies the typologically significant features of many despots (with all the originality of this personality), which was confirmed in times close to us.

In 1749, the Prussian king Frederick II, talking with Voltaire (playing the role of an “enlightened monarch,” Frederick patronized the great philosopher), spoke of Peter this way: “This personality seems almost ugly because of the strength of his contrasts.” And the famous German thinker, mathematician and physicist Georg Leibniz, who for many years literally curried favor with Peter and wrote him flattering letters, once in one of his letters compared him... with the great semi-wild rulers of China and Abyssinia: the king and his country, like those rulers , also has an unexpectedly great future (dubious compliment!). But both the irreconcilable critics of the first emperor of Russia and his apologists agreed on one thing: possessing a versatile mind and extreme sensitivity, suppressing his natural inclinations with the power of reason, he saw that it was not enough to speak to the lazy, ignorant, inept people (he sincerely saw them exactly like that!) : do this and that, move, learn. An example is needed. Personal example of the king.

Perhaps this is why Peter personally masters the crafts of a ship carpenter, turner, gear cutter, surgeon (the latter is quite bad), not disdaining any physical work, spending hours and days in shipyards, in workshops (whether in Holland or in Russia), near your favorite lathe.

But this is precisely why the tsar is personally (!) present at the wheels, tortures, executions, sees with his own eyes how the whip, rack, fire “act” (including when the “object of influence” was his own son and heir Alexei); This is by no means a morbid, pathological curiosity, no - Tsar Peter, again personally, with his presence, participation and example, shows his subjects how the slightest disobedience, even the slightest disrespectful word spoken about the Sovereign, can turn out! And all these subjects had no rights, because even one of the monarch’s closest associates, Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev, signed his letters to Peter like this: “Your lowest and most humble servant”...

Peter introduced a system of denunciations, investigation and espionage in the widest possible way: any person, even a commoner, had only to declare: “I know the word and deed of the Sovereign,” and an investigation immediately began on charges of high treason against the one whom the declarant pointed out, and, moreover, if The “traitor” was rich, then the informer had a very good chance of taking possession of his property. Moreover, Peter mercilessly suppressed any attempts at armed resistance to his power. With infinite cruelty he suppressed the uprising of the Streltsy (1698). He was not content with a few blows of the whip and a few hangings - but turned the matter broadly, in his own way. The investigation, superficially, in the opinion of the tsar, carried out and completed by his associates Shein and Romodanovsky, was started again. Fourteen dungeons were built in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow and worked day and night. In them one could find all the usual instruments of torture, including braziers on which the tortured were roasted. One of them was tortured seven times and received 99 lashes, while 15 was enough to kill a person. The Streltsy commander Korpakov, who was involved in the case, tried to cut his own throat to end the torment; he only injured himself and the torture continued. Women - wives, daughters and relatives of the archers, maids or associates of Princess Sophia accused of treason - were interrogated in the same way. One of them gave birth during torture. It is amazing that such brutal cruelties were committed by the same Peter who founded the Academy of Sciences, at whose insistence women of Muscovy were first admitted to general evenings, “assemblies” on an equal basis with men...

The Tsar’s statement is known, dating back to approximately 1697, when young Peter (under the name of Peter Mikhailov; however, this “incognito” was no secret to anyone) went to Holland and England to study shipbuilding: “I am in the rank of a student and need teachers.” me". But this is by no means proof of the “democracy” of the monarch, who sincerely believed all his life (and wrote this down in all possible charters, decrees, and other “highest” documents) that “His Majesty is an autocratic master who answers no one in the world about his affairs.” should not give, but he has the power and authority of his own states and lands, like a Christian sovereign, to rule according to his own will and good will” (from the “Military Charter”). Or in another place where this thought is expressed even more briefly: “The power of monarchs is autocratic, which God himself commands to obey!” Without taking this into account, it is impossible to understand the contradictions in the thoughts and actions of Peter, who, obviously, quite sincerely called himself “the first servant of the state.” This is beautifully expressed in the order to the troops on the eve of the Battle of Poltava, June 26, 1709: “Warriors! Do not imagine that you are fighting for Peter - but for the state entrusted to Peter... And about Peter, know that life is not dear to him - if only Russia and Russian piety, glory and prosperity live." But this State was and remained inherently Asian, tyrannical, it was actually the property of one single person - Tsar (then Emperor) Peter, and to such an extent that the famous phrase of King Louis XIV “The State is Me!” may seem like the manifesto of a committed democrat.

Peter was characterized by a rather rare combination in history of obsession (to make “his” state great, suppressing all resistance) and thoughtful rationality (in the depths of his soul, he always preferred those of his servants who had no one and nothing to count on except him! ). Obviously, it is rulers of this kind who are more likely to achieve success than others. It is interesting that many of his contemporaries, both in Russia and abroad, actively thought about the reasons for the success of Peter’s “bone-crushing” reforms. The Danish diplomat and ambassador Just Yul wondered, speaking about the king: “How could they bear him for so long?” And he answered: “They carried him out because he corresponded to the morals of the country.” Truly so!

And these morals were characterized by two Russian proverbs of that era: “At least a whip is not an angel, but it will teach you to speak the truth” and “Before the Tsar - as before death.” Peter, the recognized “Europeanizer” of his country, the man who gave it a new calendar, a new civil script, new customs, to some extent even a new language (for he himself edited the language of the first fully “secular” books of that era) - in at the same time (tragic paradox!) he inspired and fully supported the terrorist regime in his state. Here are some facts. The peasant Trifon Petrov was tortured and sentenced to eternal hard labor because he bowed to the Tsar in a special way while drunk. Another peasant had to share his fate for not knowing about the Tsar’s acceptance of the imperial title. Some priest spoke about the king’s illness and did not seem to exclude the possibility of his death; the priest was exiled to Siberia. Some woman found anonymous letters written in an unknown language on a barrel of beer in her cellar; During interrogation, she could not explain their meaning and died under the blows of the whip. Another woman interrupted the church service with a wild scream; she was blind and probably subject to epileptic seizures; she was suspected of deliberate outrage and “put under interrogation.” A drunken schoolboy spoke obscene words - he was given 30 lashes with a whip and his nostrils were torn out, then he was sentenced to eternal hard labor. These are all official documents, protocols of Peter’s secret office...

Lack of scrupulousness, disregard for generally accepted rules and a poorly hidden contempt for them were combined in this man with a deep sense of duty and respect for law and discipline. Peter wanted to transform the life of a people whose morals and religion consisted largely of prejudices and superstitions. He rightly considered them a fundamental obstacle to progress and the “common good” (as he understood it) and fought against them at every opportunity. Peter considered himself called upon to remove from the national consciousness the slag left on it by centuries of wild ignorance. But he brought an infinite amount of cruelty, anger, personal harshness and passion into the work undertaken. He hit at random. While correcting, he spoiled. The great educator was at the same time one of the greatest corrupters of the human race. And it can be argued: modern Russia owes him not only its power and strength, but also most of its vices.

Peter I is one of the most striking and controversial figures in Russian history; she still causes controversy among historians regarding the results and methods of government. Peter's reforms were contradictory: on the one hand, he sought to advance Russia along the path of progress, on the other, he did this using barbaric methods, at the cost of enormous sacrifices and suffering of the people.

Peter the Great, with his reforms, contributed to the development of all aspects of society. He developed industrial production in the economy, building manufactories, and pursued a policy of protectionism, that is, supporting domestic production by introducing high import duties. In addition, a trade charter was drawn up and the port was moved from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg. Changes also occurred in the military field. The reorganization of the army, the introduction of recruitment, the creation of military educational institutions and regulations, the construction of the fleet led to the fact that Russia became an empire that undoubtedly could not be ignored in Europe.

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The modernization of the management system (the creation of the Senate, collegiums, the division of the country into provinces) strengthened secular power in Russia and the autocracy of the autocrat.

At the same time, getting acquainted with European achievements during the Great Embassy of 1697-1698. Peter remained indifferent to the ideas of parliamentarism, since he believed that they were unacceptable in Russia. He ruled the country using purely dictatorial methods, causing protest in different sectors of society. Uprisings broke out repeatedly: Arkhangelsk (1705–1706), Bashkir (1704–1711), K. Bulavin’s uprising (1707–1708). Tsarevich Alexei also spoke out against his father, for which he was executed. The most beautiful city in Russia, the “paradise” of Peter - St. Petersburg was actually built on bones, since over one hundred thousand people died during its construction. Traditions and folk foundations that had developed over centuries were mercilessly broken. All these sacrifices were to achieve the main goal - the creation of a great Russia.

P.N. Miliukov believed that the reforms were carried out by Peter haphazardly, from case to case, under the pressure of specific circumstances, and that only “at the cost of ruining the country was Russia elevated to the rank of a European power.” Famous historian S.M. Soloviev thought differently. He believed that the appearance of the reformer king was predetermined by history itself: “... the people rose up and got ready for the road; but they were waiting for someone; They were waiting for the leader, and the leader appeared.”

Thus we can conclude that at the beginning of the 18th century. Russia needed reforms, otherwise it would have remained a backward country. Reforms always cause discontent in society, and only a strong, integral personality could cope with resistance.

Updated: 2018-02-20

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Lesson topic: Peter 1: tyrant or Great Reformer.

Goals:

1. consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era, understand different points of view on the role of Peter1 in Russian history and the reforms he carried out.

2. Develop skills in working with additional literature, oral public speaking, and developing a culture of speech.

3. Stimulate students to acquire new knowledge by participating in intellectual activities; cultivate a respectful attitude towards the country's past.

Lesson type: role-playing (game) project.

Lesson genre: lesson-judgment.

Teaching methods: partial search, research method, method of problem presentation.

Form of study: group.

Applied pedagogical technologies: problem-based learning technology, collaborative learning technology, project activity technology.

Lesson equipment: art gallery of portraits of Peter 1.

Leading task:

Make a speech (2 – 3 min.) on behalf of a real historical person or conventional characters opposite in their attitude to the personality of Peter1.

Plan

1. Introductory speech by the teacher.

Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, there have been disputes about the personality and deeds of the emperor. Some historians saw in him a strong personality who carried out progressive reforms, others believed that by interrupting traditions and forcibly changing the way of life of the Russian people, he imposed an alien and destructive path of development on Russia. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations.

Moreover, this was the case from the beginning, and Peter’s contemporaries were already arguing among themselves. Peter's associates praised him and considered his deeds great (it was not without reason that during Peter's lifetime the Senate presented him with the official title "Great"). And opponents of the reforms called the king the Antichrist, who came to earth to destroy the Christian world.

The contradictory assessments of the personality of Peter 1 and his actions have remained to this day. The question arises: What was Peter1 like? What was he right about and what was he wrong about? To answer these questions, today we will conduct a lesson-trial of our time on Peter1 and try to answer the main question:

Who was Peter 1 - a tyrant or a great reformer?

2. Interactive part of the lesson.

The teacher announces the characters:

Judge

Prosecutor

Advocate

Court Clerk

Jurors

Witnesses for the prosecution

Defense witnesses

Progress of the trial.

Judge: The case of Peter I, Russian Tsar from 1682 to 1725, is being heard.

The prosecution is represented by the prosecutor -

The defense is carried out by a lawyer -

Court Clerk -

The case is heard in front of a jury.

Chairman of the court -

The secretary reads out a certificate about the accused.

(options are possible, for example: Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov, born May 30, 1672, date of death - January 28, 1727. Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682), sole ruler since 1696, Russian Emperor since 1721 etc.

Judge: We begin the court hearing. The floor is given to the prosecutor.

Prosecutor: Before Peter I, Russia developed naturally. We accuse Pyotr Alekseevich of destroying the unique, independent Russian world, which has its own traditions, its own culture, its own spiritual values. He is guilty of using too cruel methods to renew Russia, implanting Western European customs in the country, and changing the face of the Russian people. All his transformations are reactionary and borrowed from the West. He is also guilty of destroying the religious traditions of Russia, which tragically affected all subsequent Russian history.

Judge:(addressing the lawyer) What is your position on the charges brought forward?

Advocate: During the judicial investigation, we are ready to refute the position of the prosecution and prove that our client is not guilty of the charges brought against him.

Judge: We begin questioning witnesses. I ask the secretary to invite a witness for the prosecution.

Secretary invites witnesses one by one.

(various types of witnesses are possible)

First witness on the prosecution side - peasant Vanka Kosoy.

I, Vanka Kosoy, from the Arkhangelsk province was sent to build the Tsar’s new whimsy - the city of Petersburg. A bunch of other men from our village were sent along with me. They ordered to put carpenter's tools in the knapsack and some food for the road and to go on foot to distant lands, where they began to build a city by order of the king. Good people, how did cities usually arise in the old days? Many people immediately liked the place, so that the river and the bank were high and dry; They gather of their own free will and desire and build houses and take up various crafts. And here it’s all swamps, quagmires, and vermin that eat you alive—no one would voluntarily settle in such a place. They put us in barracks like cattle, 200-300 men each, food like slop, and work from dawn to dusk. After all, the king is our father; he must think about his people. And then, at the whim of the king, the people drove out the darkness, and destroyed them beyond count, that city grew on our bones. This is not a king, but an Antichrist, a murderer. It was not for nothing that the men interpreted that the tsar was not real, that they replaced him when he was abroad, and returned to Russia under the name of Peter the Antichrist in order to destroy the Christian world.

Second witness on the prosecution side - boyar Matvey Miloslavsky.

Our family is ancient, dating back to the Rurikovichs. We have always respected the traditions of our ancestors and lived according to the Law of God. What now? Shame and disgrace. The king destroyed centuries-old traditions. I ordered my beards to be shaved, my German dress to be worn: a short caftan, narrow ports, triangular jester hats, my natural hair to be hidden under other people's hair, and to be hidden. And the Tsar also decided to send my underage son abroad to study, and until he learns, he is not allowed to get married. Where has it been seen that a child is sent from his father’s home to a foreign land? What is the use of this study? It’s not fitting for us Miloslavskys to work. And the tsar also ordered that his wife and daughters should appear at the Assembly as adults, and they should dress in shameful dresses like walking girls. He forced them to move from ancient Moscow to their new city, but this place is ruined, cursed, how can they live there? And Peter himself laid the foundation for all the atrocities: he removed the bells from the holy churches and poured them into cannons; He married a relativeless foreigner and smokes tobacco himself. For all this, God's punishment and human curse await him.

Third witness on the part of the prosecution - the widow of the archer Martha.

My husband, archer Vasily Naydenov, served faithfully, took part in many campaigns, was wounded during the capture of Azov, but received no honors, awards, or ranks. Our family is large; seven children have not seen their father for months. The fact that the archers went to revolt is understandable: they were not paid any money and the service was hard. So the king did not investigate, but planned to punish them cruelly. Torture chambers were set up in Preobrazhensky. My Vasily and other archers were subjected to terrible torture. And then, with other women, we learned that our husbands would be driven to Moscow for execution. I rushed to Preobrazhenskoye so that I could at least see my husband, so that I could say goodbye to him like a human being. I saw a terrible thing: when the archers were being led past the windows of the sovereign’s palace, Peter jumped out into the street and ordered their heads to be chopped off right on the road, he personally chopped off several of them, and with difficulty they calmed him down. I followed the column with other women, I wanted to see everything about Vasily. They never said goodbye in a Christian way. He was executed in Moscow at Lobnoye Mesto. I myself saw how the tsar personally chopped off heads, and even from the crowd he offered to work for the executioner. He is a terrible man, I curse him.

Prosecutor

Your Honor! I ask you to attach additional materials to the case, from which the scale of the execution is clear: more than 1 thousand people were executed, about 600 were sent to Siberia after torture. The Tsar did not even spare his own sister, who, after torture, was sent to the Novodevichy Convent, where she was forcibly tonsured a nun. And he suspected his own son, Tsarevich Alexei, of treason, and ordered him to be imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he died after painful torture.

After witness testimony On the prosecution side, the secretary calls witnesses from the defense side one by one.

First witness on the defense side - architect Domenico Trezzini.

I, Domenico Trezzini, was born in Switzerland in 1670, studied architecture in Italy. To feed my family I looked for work in different countries. He worked as a mason in Denmark and there the Russian ambassador recruited various specialists to serve the Russian Tsar Peter. I was lucky because specialists in fortifications were needed. I signed an agreement as a master in the construction of stone fortresses with a salary of 1000 rubles a year (a lot of money at that time). I expected to work in Russia for one year, but I lived in St. Petersburg for 31 years and Russia became my home country. I consider Peter 1 a great emperor. I was amazed at his plans and dreams of the city that he began to build on the Neva among swamps and water. I am called the first architect of St. Petersburg, and the real first architect of the city was Peter himself. And Peter was also very simple in dealing with people. Could I imagine that the king would become the godfather of my son? And I also designed the Palace in the Summer Garden for Peter I. So the main condition on the part of the king was simplicity. Unlike the luxurious Menshikov Palace, the Summer Palace of Peter 1 looks like a small, two-story, modest building, because Peter never strived for personal luxury, but thought about the state. He is a great emperor and will forever remain in history.

Second witness on the defense side - Prince Menshikov.

I, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, born in 1672, testify that Peter 1 is a great transformer, who laid down his life for Russia to become a powerful state. Let's remember his deeds: he created a new army, built a military and merchant fleet, contributed to the rapid growth of manufactories and factories, Russia began to sell metal to Europe, St. Petersburg was built, which became the capital of a renewed Russia; By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began; The country's first museum, the Kunstkamera, was founded; The Academy of Sciences was established, schools and colleges were opened. Under Peter, Russia became a powerful European country.

Y. Alexander Danilovich Menshikov is the Russian Generalissimo, His Serene Highness, and my father was a simple groom; I myself sold pies as a child and lived in poverty. Peter gave way to many humble people, putting in the first place not “breed”, but ability. They say about people like me “from rags to riches,” and there are many like me. Having adopted the “Table of Ranks,” Peter established the order of civil service, when merit and length of service were placed above pedigree, and reaching the seventh grade automatically gave the status of hereditary nobility.

And as for the cruelty of the king, the time was cruel, everything new always finds its way with difficulty. You have to judge by the results.

Third witness on the defense side - the daughter of boyar Morozov.

I, Anastasia, the daughter of a boyar, can speak publicly in court. And all this thanks to Peter1. Until recently, we girls were not allowed to show ourselves unnecessarily in front of strangers; we had to live as recluses, sit in our little room, do handicrafts and wait for the priest to choose a suitable groom. It could have turned out that I would have only seen my chosen one at the wedding, and no one would ask if I liked him or not.

Now, thanks to Tsar Peter, different times have begun. The Tsar ordered the boyars to bring their wives and adult daughters to the Assembly, and so that everyone was dressed in German fashion and could hold conversations with the gentlemen, and be able to dance foreign dances. So, in order not to be embarrassed in front of the Tsar, our father had to hire a dance teacher for my sisters and me and order outfits from Europe.

The king also issued a decree according to which it is now forbidden to force someone into marriage, without the consent of the bride or groom. It is prescribed that the betrothal must first take place so that the bride and groom get to know each other better. The period between engagement and wedding must be at least six weeks, and if she does not fall in love, the bride has the right to terminate the engagement. Now I can marry the person I love, and not the one my father chooses.

Judge announces the transition to the debate of the parties. The prosecutor speaks.

Prosecutor

Peter 1 devoted his life to transforming the state, but he was cruel and did not value human life at all. Under him, per capita taxes increased 3 times, and the cost of reforms, expressed in human lives, was equal to a seventh of the population. I believe that all the charges brought against him in the trial were proven and I ask the jury to convict Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov and recognize him as a tyrant, because no goals, even the right ones, can be justified by the sacrifices made by the country and people to achieve them.

Judge

The final word is given to the lawyer.

Advocate

The transformations carried out by Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov accelerated the development of Russia and elevated it to the rank of a European power. In Russia, neither before Peter nor after Peter, not a single statesman carried out reforms that would cover all spheres of life of society and the state. His work deserves praise and good memory from his descendants. As for the scale of the victims, I ask the jury to take into account what the international situation was like at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, what the Russian reality was like at that time and the limited time frame allotted to Peter for transformations.

Judge

I consider the debate between the parties to be over. I ask the jury to reach a verdict.

Jury Foreman

Your Honor! The jurors could not reach a consensus on the case under consideration and therefore the jury cannot reach a verdict on the guilt or innocence of Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov.

Judge

Due to the lack of a jury verdict, the hearing of the case is postponed with an open date for a new hearing.

Teacher's final words

Summing up our lesson, we can conclude that the court’s verdict is symbolic. There is a famous expression by Socrates that “The fairest trial is history: sooner or later it puts everything in its place.” Peter I, both as a person and as a politician, was not unequivocally treated by his contemporaries. Some idolized him, others saw evil in him. But what Peter I did for Russia during his short life, and he lived for 53 years, evokes only respect. Russia turned into a great European power, and the Senate in 1721 awarded Peter the titles of Emperor, Great and Father of the Fatherland for particularly outstanding services. By the way, in the USSR, streets in many cities were named “Peter the Great”. A few years ago, for the publication of the encyclopedia “One Hundred People Who Changed the Course of History,” a survey was conducted in different countries. The names of Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Genghis Khan, Confucius, Copernicus, Roosevelt and thousands of other names of politicians, scientists, industrialists, generals were mentioned, but among all these names they wrote the name of Peter I, the Russian Emperor. You and I live in a city that is the living embodiment of the plan of Peter I. Each of you will probably name something related to the name of Peter I. But in the 21st century, it also makes us think: “All plans must be in good order, so as not to cause damage to the Fatherland. Whoever starts to blurt out plans anyhow, I will deprive him of his rank and order him to be beaten with a whip.’’ To whom can these words be addressed? And A.M. was right. Gorky, when he wrote: “The past is not perfect, but it is pointless to reproach it, but it is necessary to study it!”

3. Conclusion.

Grading.

Homework: The portraits of Peter 1 presented before you were painted by different authors and at different times. Through their works, the artists expressed their vision of the personality of Peter 1. Write a mini-essay on the topic “Peter1 through the eyes of an artist .....” (optional from one of the presented works).

Slide 2

Slide 3

Peter the Great was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. He was enthroned in 1682, when he was 10 years old. He really began to govern Russia in 1689. It was Peter who finally transformed the Muscovite kingdom into the Russian Empire. Under him, Rus' became Russia: a multinational power with access to the southern and northern seas. Peter the Great completely turned the entire life of the country upside down. There was Muscovite Rus', unhurried, not like its Western neighbors; it became the Russian Empire, the pace of development of which accelerated several times! Gottfried Kneller "Peter I", 1698. Introduction Peter I the Great (05/30/1682 - 01/28/1725) Tsar since 1682, first Russian emperor since 1721.

Slide 4

Reforms of Peter I 1. Economic reforms 2. Provincial reform 3. Reform of the state apparatus 4. Finance and budget reform 5. Military reform 6. Reforms in the navy 8. Reforms in other areas of public life 7. Church reform Lawmaking in the Peter the Great era

Slide 5

Lawmaking in the Petrine era The reign of Peter I was characterized by active lawmaking, covering almost all spheres of life of the population. New laws regulated the relationship between subjects and the state, the rights and obligations of representatives of individual classes. Government decrees oriented citizens towards rational management, requiring them, for example, to tan leather with lard, not tar, to build stoves not on the floor, but on the foundation, etc. Whatever place his subjects occupied in the class hierarchy, the tsar sternly and strictly demanded that they carry out the decrees he issued. All decrees of Peter I consisted of three parts. In the first part, the king explained to his subjects the reasonableness and usefulness of the introduced norm. For example, the legislator urged harvesting bread with scythes instead of sickles on the grounds that this method “is much more affordable and more profitable than the average worker of ten people.” The second part of the decree set out the essence of the norm itself. The third part listed the penalties for violators of the law: whipping (with rods), monetary fines of various sizes, confiscation of all or part of the property, imprisonment, exile to Siberia, hard labor, etc. The legislation of Peter the Great's time persistently promoted the idea of ​​the “common good”, as well as its concern for the “welfare of the subjects” and the “national benefit”. Subjects were persistently instilled with the idea of ​​a state that cared equally about the entire population of the country. Back to reforms

Slide 6

“It is absolutely indisputable that the successes of Peter’s army on the battlefields would have been impossible without serious changes in the economy of the then Russia: the victorious weapons of Noteburg, Poltava, Gangut were forged in the forges of the Urals, Tula, and Petrovsky factories. There is also no doubt that during the reign of Peter, a radical reform was carried out in the field of economics, which had far-reaching consequences. In the first quarter of the 18th century, Russia experienced a sharp economic leap. Industrial construction of the Peter the Great era took place at a pace unprecedented for that time: between 1695 and 1725, at least two hundred manufactories of various profiles arose, that is, ten times more than there were at the end of the 17th century, and this with an even more impressive increase in production volume. The most characteristic feature of the economic boom in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century was the decisive role of the autocratic state in the economy, its active and deep penetration into all spheres of economic life. This role was due to many factors.” Both paths of development of state entrepreneurship - the activation of old industrial areas and the creation of new ones - are especially clearly visible in the example of metallurgy - the basis of military power. The treasury has invested huge amounts of money in expanding the production of iron, cannons, and weapons in areas of traditional production - in Karelia, the Voronezh-Tambov region, and in the Center. Here, new factories were built in a short time, old ones were expanded, often taken away from those entrepreneurs who were not able to quickly cope with huge orders from the treasury. Actively using the experience of existing enterprises, and relocating the best craftsmen to a new location under the authority of the local administration - these were the methods for creating new manufactories under Peter the Great. In addition, Peter's residents in Western Europe actively invited foreign mining specialists and metallurgists, who willingly traveled to Russia from Germany, England and other countries. A powerful metallurgical base made it possible to expand metalworking production, or more precisely, the weapons industry. In Tula, famous for its gunsmiths, a large arms factory was founded in 1712, and in 1721 the same one appeared - Sestroretsky. Economic reforms Back to reforms

Slide 7

The first attempt at radical administrative reforms was the provincial reform of 1708-1710. The country was divided into 8 provinces, far from equal in size (Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev, Azov and Siberian). At the head of the province were governors-general and governors. Of course, the positions of governors were occupied by especially trusted persons from the king’s entourage. The head of the province, who concentrated the highest military and civil functions in his hands, had an assistant (vice-governor), chief commandant (in charge of military affairs), chief commissar and chief provision master (monetary and grain taxes) and the so-called landrichter ( was in charge of justice). The provinces were initially divided into “districts” with a “commandant” (i.e., in the old way, a governor) at their head. However, the provincial chancellery clearly could not cope with the many districts, and therefore a new, sort of intermediate administrative unit was soon introduced - the “province”, headed by the chief commandant. In 1713-1714 3 more provinces appeared (Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan and Riga). Since 1715, the provinces began to be divided into provinces (50 in number), and the provinces were no longer divided into counties, but into “shares” headed by the Landrat (each share had 5,536 households). Landrat was an elected official from the nobles, although he was entirely subordinate to the highest authority. After some time, instead of “shares,” “districts” appeared, each of which should now have 2 thousand households. Note that when checking the results of the first audit by the military administration, another district appeared - a regimental one, where this or that regiment was stationed, for the maintenance of which the taxes of this district were used. In the province, the main administrative links were the commandant, the chamberlain, who organized the collection of taxes, and the rentmaster, who headed the local treasury (renter). In the districts, zemstvo commissars were primarily responsible for collecting taxes and performing police functions. Provincial reform Back to reforms

Slide 8

The famous Senate was “born” by Peter 1 as if impromptu. Going on the Prut campaign in February 171 1, Peter promulgated a decree: “We have determined that there will be a government Senate for our absences, for governance...”. Its composition was small (9 senators), and it was created, as it were, temporarily. Following the first decree on March 2, a second came with a list of powers (care of justice, the organization of state revenues, general administration, trade and economy). The Senate soon became the highest judicial and administrative body. At first, the Senate was a collegial body of 9 senators with equal votes. Communication between the Senate and the provinces was carried out by provincial commissars. Appointments to the Senate, as well as exemptions from participation in it, were made by the tsar, who was not guided by the breed, but by the abilities of the candidate for senator. As a result, the senator's dependence on the king was immeasurably great. This revealed one of the features of the absolute, that is, unlimited, monarchy that was establishing itself in Russia. Almost simultaneously with the Senate, Peter 1 founded a new control and audit institution of the so-called fiscals. It was a whole army of officials who acted in secret and identified all unjust actions that caused damage to the state (embezzlement, bribery, violation of law and order, etc.). At the head of the fiscals was the chief fiscal of the Senate. He had 4 fiscals under his command (two from the merchants and two from the nobility). Under provincial governments there were also 4 fiscals, in cities - 1-2 fiscals. Fiscals did not receive a salary; as a reward for their work, in the first years they were entitled to half, and then a third of the confiscated property. The fiscals sent all their observations to the Execution Chamber, from where the cases were sent to the Senate. Since 1715, the Senate itself was supervised by a special Senate Auditor General, and since 1721, control was carried out on a monthly basis by headquarters officers of the Guard. Although, according to the original plan of Peter the Great, the Senate was assigned the role of a temporary institution, it existed until 1917, i.e. became the most lasting of Peter's innovations. Reform of the state apparatus Back to reforms

Slide 9

Since the late 90s, the restructuring of the monetary system began. By 1704, instead of the primitive monetary system, represented only by a one-kopeck coin made from silver wire and its parts, a full set of silver coins of one kopeck, altyn (3 kopecks), piglet (5 kopecks), ten kopecks (10 kopecks) had developed. ), half a half (25 kopecks), half a half (50 kopecks) and, finally, a ruble. Instead of silver money (0.5 kopecks) and half rubles (0.25 kopecks), copper coins of the same denomination began to be issued. Since 1718, altyns and half-polushkas began to be made from copper, and from 1723, piglets, which eventually became the smallest copper coin. Coinage has been minted since the end of the 17th century. was accompanied by a decrease in the content of silver and copper in coins. Since 1711, silver coins began to be issued in the 70th standard. With the market price of a pound of copper being 6-8 rubles, from 1704 copper coins worth as much as 20 rubles began to be made from a pound. (38th sample), ac 1718 - for 40 rubles. Finally, a gold coin of ruble denomination was introduced into circulation, and since 1718 it was replaced by a two-ruble coin of the 75th standard. For 25 years of the 18th century. “money yards” minted silver coins worth 38.4 million rubles, and copper coins worth 4.3 million rubles. The result of the monetary reform was the creation of a full-fledged monetary system based on the decimal principle and fully satisfying the needs of the economy. The total treasury income from the issue of coins amounted to 10.7 million rubles. Thus, the monetary reform decisively contributed to the success of the first, most difficult period of the Northern War. After all, Peter’s government did without foreign loans. Meanwhile, military spending in the first period of the war reached 70-80% of the budget. In the first years, the monetary reform also improved the budget. By the end of the second decade of the 18th century. the coin regalia no longer had the same effect, and the huge number of taxes reached the possible maximum. It was then that the ideas of the “profit-makers” came into play about the transition from household to per capita direct taxation, which would make it possible to sharply increase the number of taxpayers. In 1718, on November 28, a decree was issued on a census of the entire taxable male population. In 1722, verification of the census results began - “audit”. She gave a mind-blowing result - about 2 million male souls were identified who were not included in the census. Since then, the censuses themselves began to be called “audits.” The total number of tax-paying population is 5.4 million male souls. They were responsible for the expenses for the army and navy. Finance and budget reform Back to reforms

Slide 10

The military reform, which began in 1698-1699, was caused primarily by the fact that the rifle regiments could not cope with the task of defending the country from external and internal enemies. The beginning of the creation of a regular Russian army can be considered November 1699, and the legal basis is the royal decrees of November 8 and 17, which determined the sources of recruitment for new regiments. It was assumed that, first of all, the army would be formed from “willing people” - free subjects of various ranks. The second source for creating a regular army was the “dacha people” (from 1705 they began to be called recruits). According to the decree, norms for the supply of recruits were determined for various classes: from monastic peasants - 1 “dacha man” from 25 households; from nobles who were in public service - 1 person from 30 households. The place for recruiting and manning units, as well as training recruits in military affairs, was the village of Preobrazhenskoye, where a special commission was established - the “General Courtyard”. The advantage of the new recruitment system was that it made it possible to prepare a reserve for waging a long, bloody war. However, it caused significant damage to the national economy: every year, up to 40 thousand healthy men aged 15 to 32 years old were irrevocably “shaved” from various sectors of the economy. Military reform Back to reforms Preobrazhensky March (Petrine Anthem of Russia) Click on the picture to watch the video (if you have Internet access)

Slide 11

The most important element in the organization of the new army was the artillery units. For the infantry, these are light mortars, guns with a “caliber” (i.e., based on the weight of the core) of 3 pounds, in the grenadier companies - heavy grenades, and howitzers and mortars - for the cavalry. By 1725, the field artillery had 2,620 men. Two large arms factories in Tula and Sestroretsk, two large powder factories in St. Petersburg and Okhta, as well as a large group of iron-smelting complexes in the center of the country, in the north and in the Urals fully satisfied the army’s need for weapons and ammunition. In a relatively short time, the state established the production of uniforms for the army. For the first time, the army under Peter had a single uniform" (infantry - green caftans and black hats, cavalry - blue caftans and black hats). In addition to the field army, a system of military garrisons stationed in villages was created in the country. In 1725 there were 55 garrison regiments, consisting of soldiers and partly streltsy, with a total number of 74,127 people. The garrison regiments had powerful artillery units (2,295 people). In the garrisons of Russia by 1725, according to I.K. Kirilov, there were 9,891 cannons and 788 mortars, not counting small guns and howitzers. Russia has never known such a powerful artillery park (and taking into account the army artillery, this amounted to at least over 15 thousand guns). The Russian army has become one of the strongest in Europe. Back to reforms Chief officer and private of the Life Guards Semenovsky shelf

Slide 12

At the end of the 90s of the 17th century. An impressive Azov fleet was created. With the beginning of the Northern War, the Baltic Fleet also became necessary. In 1702-1704. the construction of ships began in several places at once: on the rivers Syas, Svir, Luga, Volkhov, Izhora. The creation of the Caspian fleet took place already in the 20s of the 18th century. Until this time, in Astrakhan there were mainly traditional plows and beads. By the beginning of the Caspian campaign of 1722-1723. Russia had about 300 ships. In the first years of the creation of the Russian fleet, in addition to the most complex economic and technical problems, there were enormous difficulties with personnel for the fleet. It was only at first that it was possible to hire 600 foreign sailors (mostly all Slavs) and retrain army guards and soldiers as sailors. In 1705, recruitment began specifically for the fleet. The most important means of creating a strong and combat-ready army and a powerful navy was the establishment of a system of professional military education. The first military school was the bombardment school at the Preobrazhensky Regiment (1698-1699). In 1701, the first large (for 300 people) artillery school opened in Moscow. In 1712, an artillery school began to operate in St. Petersburg. In 1721, an artillery school for professional artillerymen was opened there. The first nautical school was organized back in 1698 in Azov. In 1701, a school of “mathematical and navigational” sciences was opened in Moscow, training personnel for both the army and the navy. At first it was designed for 200, and from 1701 - already for 500 people. In 1715, the St. Petersburg Naval Academy for Officer Personnel began to operate. In 1716, the so-called midshipman company was organized. Of course, business trips to study in Western European countries (Holland, France, Italy and other countries) were also practiced. Ultimately, by the 1920s, Russia could fully provide both the army and navy with its own personnel of naval, infantry, artillery and engineering officers. In 1714, all foreign officers who failed the exam were dismissed from service. In 1720, the Military Collegium prohibited the recruitment of officers from other states. True, in 1722 it was allowed to be accepted into the service only on the condition “that they remain here after death.” Transformations in the fleet Back to reforms

Slide 13

The Spiritual Reform occupies a prominent place among Peter's reforms. Peter knew very well the history of the struggle for power between his father and Patriarch Nikon; he also knew the attitude of the Clergy to his reforms. At this time, Adrian was the patriarch in Russia. The relationship between Peter and the patriarch was clearly strained. Peter perfectly understood the desire of the church to subjugate secular power - this determined the events that were carried out in this area. Patriarch Andrian died in 1700, but the tsar was in no hurry to elect a new patriarch. Management of the affairs of the church was transferred to the Ryazan Metropolitan Stefan Yavorsky, he was declared the guardian of the patriarchal throne. Although Peter did not see an active supporter in Yavorsky, at least Yavorsky did not very vehemently oppose Peter’s policies. Another problem arose on Peter's road - schismatics. “Peter had to begin the fight against schismatics. The schismatics, possessing great wealth, refused to take part in common duties: to enter service, military or civilian. Peter found a solution to this issue - he imposed a double tax on them. The schismatics refused to pay and a struggle broke out. Raskolnikov was executed, exiled or flogged.” Peter sought to protect himself from the influence of the church, in connection with this he begins to limit the rights of the church and its head: a council of bishops was created, which met periodically in Moscow, and then, in 1711, after the creation of the Synod, the head of the church lost the final touches of independence. Thus, the church was completely subordinate to the state. But the king understood perfectly well that subordination of the church to a simple governing body was impossible. And in 1721, the Holy Synod was created, which was in charge of the affairs of the church. “The Synod was placed on a par with the Senate, above all other collegiums and administrative bodies. The structure of the Synod was no different from the structure of any college. The Synod consisted of 12 people. Thus, Peter eliminated the threat of an attack on secular power by spiritual power and placed the church at the service of the state. From now on, the church was part of the support on which the absolute monarchy stood. Church reform Back to reforms

Slide 14

Peter the Great's reforms concerned various spheres of society. In 1699, Peter issued a decree changing the calendar. Previously, chronology was carried out according to the Byzantine calendar: the New Year began on September 1. Since 1699, the New Year was supposed to begin on January 1, according to the European model. This reform caused great dissatisfaction, because... Previously, chronology was calculated from the creation of the world, and in the new way, 1700 should have come only after 8 years. In the new year 1700, a decree was issued on the creation of the first pharmacies in Moscow; Another decree prohibited the carrying of knives under penalty of whipping or exile. In 1701, the liberal spirit of the new reign was expressed in a number of decrees: it was forbidden to kneel when the sovereign appeared; bare your head in winter when passing by the palace. In 1702, the turn of reforming family life came: attempts were made to provide the marriage union with stronger moral guarantees. After visiting France, Peter issues a decree on hospitality. The position of women in society is changing radically. Peter tried to introduce her to modern secular life, following the example of the West, to provide the highest circles with new forms of treatment. In 1710, Peter I approved a model of the “civil” alphabet, revising the West Cyrillic alphabet for this purpose. Reforms in other areas of public life. Back to reforms

Slide 15

Consequences of reforms

Slide 16

Characteristics of Peter

Slide 17

Sayings of Peter “Of Peter, know that life is not dear to him, if only Russia lives in bliss and glory, for your well-being.” “With other European peoples you can achieve goals in humane ways, but with Russians this is not the case: if I had not used severity, I would not have owned the Russian state a long time ago and would never have made it what it is now. I’m not dealing with people, but with animals, which I want to transform into people.”

Slide 18

Virtual mini survey of famous personalities about the era of Peter I

The era of Peter the Great and his transformations are very contradictory and ambiguous. It is no coincidence that the points of view of many prominent figures in science and art about him and his transformations are so polar opposite. Let's try to conduct an imaginary mini-survey of famous historians, writers, and politicians and find out their opinions about this difficult time for Russia. Let’s ask them just two questions: “What do you think about Peter I?” and “How do you assess his transformation in Russia?”

Slide 19

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov Great Russian scientist (1711 - 1765) I sing to the wise Russian Hero That new cities, regiments and fleets are built, From the most tender years he waged war with malice, Passing through fears, he exalted his country, Humbled the villains inside and trampled the opposite outside, With his hand and with his mind he overthrew the impudent and deceitful, and surprised the whole world with his deeds to the envy of them.

Slide 20

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, writer (1766 - 1826) “An ardent monarch with a heated imagination, seeing Europe, wanted to make Russia - Holland. We have become citizens of the world, but have ceased to be, in some cases, citizens of Russia.”

Slide 21

Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich (1811 - 1848) Revolutionary democrat, influential critic. “Peter the Great is the greatest phenomenon not only in our history, but also in the history of all mankind; he is the deity who called us to life, who breathed a living soul into the colossal body of ancient Russia, which had fallen into mortal slumber.”

Slide 22

Solovyov Sergei Mikhailovich (1820 - 1879) - historian, one of the founders of Russian historiography. “The need to move on a new path was realized... the people rose up and got ready to set out on the road; They were waiting for the leader, and the leader appeared.” “Peter I is the greatest historical figure who most fully embodied the spirit of the people.”

Slide 23

Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov (1823 -1886) – Publicist, publisher, editor, Slavophile. “Peter I is the destroyer of Russian national foundations, and his reforms were a brilliant mistake.”

Slide 24

Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky is a historian, a student of Solovyov. (1841 -1911) “The reform carried out by Peter the Great did not have as its direct goal to rebuild either the political, social, or moral order, but was limited to the desire to arm the Russian state and people with ready-made Western European means, mental and material... . The resistance of the people forced Peter to use violent measures, which created the impression of a revolution. In fact, Peter’s activity was more of a shock than a revolution.”

Slide 25

Sociological survey 2008. Sociologists from the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM) offered respondents a choice of 500 names, according to historians, of great people of Russia. FOM, using a national survey, determined which of them is known by at least half of living Russians. The survey participants then rated the remaining individuals. Sociologists note that the time in which the study participants were in their youth depended on which historical figures they considered the most significant in the history of Russia. All respondents (6 thousand people each during two stages of the study) were divided into 8 groups with an age interval of 7 years. Moreover, the conventional names of generations (from “Stalin” to “Putin”) reflect the era in which the main stage of the formation of their personality took place (from 10 to 17 years). Stalin generation: born before 1936 Khrushchev generation: born 1936-43 Gagarin generation: born 1944-51 Brezhnev generation: born 1952-59 Suslov generation: born 1960-67 Gorbachev generation born 1968-74 Yeltsin generation: born 1975-82 Putin generation: born 1983-90 The first three most significant historical characters remain unchanged - Peter I, Stalin and Lenin. According to FOM, these three historical figures are leading by a wide margin among representatives of all ages. For those born under Stalin (“Stalin’s”, “Khrushchev’s” and “Gagarin’s” generations), Stalin certainly comes first. For the “Suslov” generation, all three figures are equal, although Lenin is in the lead by a small margin. But starting from the “Gorbachev” generation, the first Russian Emperor Peter I took a leading position in Russian history.

Slide 26

The project began with the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences identifying an initial list that included 500 names of the most worthy representatives of our past. The goal of the first stage was to find out which of the characters is known to at least half of Russians and therefore has the opportunity to ask more detailed questions about them regarding their role in history. At the first stage, 185 figures were selected, whom more than half of the respondents knew. The goal of the second stage was to select 50 characters who, in the opinion of Russians, left the most significant, whether positive or negative, mark in the history of our country. During each stage, 6,000 respondents were interviewed at their place of residence using a sample representative of the population of the Russian Federation. In 2008, the Rossiya TV channel, Mayak radio, the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Public Opinion Foundation launched a joint project “The Name of Russia”. As part of the “Name of Russia” project, the Foundation was tasked with finding out which of the 500 personalities named by historians Russians consider the most significant from the point of view of the historical destinies of our country. To solve this problem, two stages of research were carried out. Project “Name of Russia”

Slide 27

Slide 28

For two and a half centuries, historians, philosophers, and writers have been arguing about the meaning of Peter’s reforms. Indeed, they can be assessed in different ways. It all depends on what is considered useful for Russia and what is harmful, what is important and what is secondary. But everyone agrees on one thing: Petrine reforms were the most important stage in the history of Russia, thanks to which everything can be divided into pre-Petrine and post-Petrine eras. The famous historian Sergei Mikhailovich Solovyov, who, perhaps, was better able to understand both the personality of Peter and his work, wrote: “The difference in views... stemmed from the enormity of the deed accomplished by Peter, the lasting influence of this deed; The more significant a phenomenon is, the more contradictory views and opinions it gives rise to, and the longer they talk about it, the longer they feel its influence.” Conclusion

Slide 29

1. Encyclopedia for children “History of Russia” Moscow “Avanta+” 1995 2. “Heroes of Russian history” White City Moscow 2005 3. Vladimir Solovyov “History of Russia for children and adults” Moscow 2003 4. Illustrated encyclopedia "History of Russia 18-20 centuries." Moscow “Olma-Press Education 2004 5. Natalya Mayorova “Russian History” White City Moscow 2005 6. Results of sociological surveys. (Internet, newspaper “Arguments and Facts” dated July 24, 2008) 7. The following music from the era of Peter I was used in the presentation: - Kant in honor of the Poltava victory “Russian Orel” by an unknown composer of the 18th century. (performed by the State Republican Academic Choir) - Kant on the conclusion of the Peace of Nystad (1721) by an unknown composer of the 18th century. (performed by the men's group of the Moscow Chamber Choir) Sources http://www.bibliotekar.ru/polk Internet: http://ru.youtube.com/watch?v=t1VMz-mXPM4 http://www.nameofrussia.ru/video .html?id=3222 http://www.xserver.ru/user/refpp/3.shtml http://www.ref.by/refs/33/7380/1.html http://ru.youtube. com/watch?v=vIIT0WTe0nw http://www.nameofrussia.ru/

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Short description

A consolidation lesson on the studied period of history (the Age of Peter the Great) and aimed at developing practical skills.

Description

PeterI: tyrant or reformer.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era .
Developmental: developing in students the ability to analyze documents, draw conclusions, set goals, and highlight the main thing from the lesson material.
Educational: formation of students’ sense of patriotism, respect for the past of their country. Inspire pride in your Fatherland.
Tasks:
1. Find out in the process of research who Peter I was - a tyrant or a reformer.
2. To consolidate students’ knowledge of events in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century.
In the class, two groups are identified in advance that are opposite in their attitude to Peter’s personality. They are given the task to formalize their attitude towards Peter the Great in the form of a table.
1team - Accusers (they believe that Emperor Peter I is, first of all, a tyrant).
2team - Defenders (consider Emperor Peter I a great reformer).
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, historians have argued about the personality and deeds of the emperor. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations. They said about him: “The Tsar is a carpenter,” “Peter, who cut a window to Europe,” “Severe, but fair and democratic.” These judgments are joined by others who emphasize that Peter “expressed the interests of the ruling class” and “took three skins from the working peasantry.”
Peter I
Oh, powerful lord of fate!
Aren't you above the very abyss,
At the height of an iron bridle
Raised Russia on its hind legs?
“The Bronze Horseman” A.S. Pushkin
A.S. Pushkin, a century later, will say that some of the tsar’s decrees were written with a whip...
Now an academician, now a hero,
Either a sailor or a carpenter,
He is an all-encompassing soul
The eternal worker was on the throne.(Pushkin A.S. “Stanzas”)
Who was Peter the Great? Tyrant or reformer? What he was right about and what he was wrong about are the main questions of our discussion. Pay attention to the board, which lists the ground rules for discussion.
RULES FOR DISCUSSION (Rules for discussion are posted either on the board or shown using ICT. Students must be familiar with the rules at the beginning of the lesson)
1.You cannot criticize people, only their ideas.
2.Each participant must have the right and opportunity to speak.
3. Listen carefully to your opponent, then state your point of view.
4. All positions without exception are subject to discussion.
5. Don’t forget that the best way to convince your opponent is clear argumentation and impeccable logic.
6. Speak clearly, accurately, simply, distinctly and in your own words, and not from a piece of paper.
7. Have the courage to admit that your opponent is right if you are wrong.
8. Never use “labels” and do not allow derogatory statements, altercations, or ridicule.
Before you are excerpts from documents, with the help of this material you must answer this question. There are worksheets in front of you; as you read the document, you must highlight evidence that , or a tyrant
Peter I is a great reformer .

Policy. As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of government. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by collegiums that were subordinate to the Senate. January 24 1722 g., the “Table of Ranks” was introduced, which introduced a new classification of civil servants. The nobility of the family in itself, without service, means nothing, does not create any position for a person, thus, the aristocratic hierarchy of the breed, the genealogy book, was put in place.

Economy. Under Peter there was a significant growth of the large manufacturing industry. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in 1690 g. only 21). Pig iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to begin exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade took a noticeable step forward (internal and external. Metalworking factories were built in the Urals, Karelia, near Tula. If before the beginning of the 18th century, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of the reign of Peter I the country began to sell it. They were opened deposits of copper ore (Ural) New types of manufacturing appeared: textile, chemical, shipbuilding.

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Peter I tyrant or reformer..doc

History lesson in 7th grade.

Teacher: Lysova O.N. State Educational Institution "Constellation" Volgograd

Peter I: tyrant or reformer.

Lesson objectives:

Educational : consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era.

Developmental : developing in students the ability to analyze documents, draw conclusions, set goals, and highlight the main thing from the lesson material.

Educational : formation of students’ sense of patriotism, respect for the past of their country. Inspire pride in your Fatherland.

Tasks:

1. Find out in the process of research who Peter I was - a tyrant or a reformer.

2. To consolidate students’ knowledge of events in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century.

In the class, two groups are identified in advance that are opposite in their attitude to Peter’s personality. They are given the task to formalize their attitude towards Peter the Great in the form of a table.

team - Accusers (they believe that Emperor Peter I is, first of all, a tyrant).

team - Defenders (consider Emperor Peter I a great reformer).

Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, historians have argued about the personality and deeds of the emperor. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations. They said about him: “The Tsar is a carpenter,” “Peter, who cut a window to Europe,” “Severe, but fair and democratic.” These judgments are joined by others who emphasize that Peter “expressed the interests of the ruling class” and “took three skins from the working peasantry.”

Peter I

Oh, powerful lord of fate!
Aren't you above the very abyss,
At the height of an iron bridle
Raised Russia on its hind legs?

“Bronze Horseman”A.S. Pushkin

A.S. Pushkin, a century later, will say that some of the tsar’s decrees were written with a whip...

Now an academician, now a hero, Either a sailor or a carpenter, He is an all-encompassing soul The eternal worker was on the throne. (Pushkin A.S. “Stanzas”)

Who was Peter the Great? Tyrant or reformer? What he was right about and what he was wrong about are the main questions of our discussion. Pay attention to the board, which lists the ground rules for discussion.

RULES FOR DISCUSSION (Rules for discussion are posted either on the board or shown using ICT. Students must be familiar with the rules at the beginning of the lesson)

1. You can't criticize people, only their ideas.

2.Each participant must have the right and opportunity to speak.

3. Listen carefully to your opponent, then state your point of view.

4. All positions without exception are subject to discussion.

5. Don't forget that the best way to convince your opponent is clear argumentation and impeccable logic.

6. Speak clearly, accurately, simply, distinctly and in your own words, and not from a piece of paper.

7. Have the courage to admit that your opponent is right if you are wrong.

8. Never use “labels” and do not allow derogatory statements, altercations, or ridicule.

Before you are excerpts from documents, with the help of this material you must answer this question. There are worksheets in front of you; as you read the document, you must highlight evidence that Peter I is a great reformer , or a tyrant

Peter I is a great reformer.

Policy.As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of government. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by collegiums that were subordinate to the Senate. On January 24, 1722, the “Table of Ranks” was introduced, which introduced a new classification of serving people. The nobility of the family in itself, without service, means nothing, does not create any position for a person, thus, the aristocratic hierarchy of the breed, the genealogy book, was put in place.

Economy.Under Peter there was a significant growth of the large manufacturing industry. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in 1690 only 21). Pig iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to begin exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade took a noticeable step forward (internal and external. Metalworking factories were built in the Urals, Karelia, near Tula. If before the beginning of the 18th century, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of Peter’s reign I the country began to sell it. Copper ore deposits were discovered. (Ural.) New types of manufacturing appeared: textile, chemical, shipbuilding.

Army. Announced by decree of 1699 on the beginning of recruitment. In the period from 1699 to 1725, an army (318 thousand people, including Cossack units) and a navy were formed. The army had a single principle of recruitment, uniform uniforms and weapons. Simultaneously with the creation of the army, the construction of the fleet continued. By the time of the Battle of Gangut (1714), the Baltic Fleet was created of 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small vessels. Russia had both a navy and a merchant fleet.

Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, and founded a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. In 1712, the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.

On the issue of religion .

Education and science . Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power. He paid great attention to education and science. Peter obliged all noble children to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval, engineering schools, and an artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called Vedomosti and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To make reading and writing easier, in 1708 he reformed the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum, the Kunstkamera. And, at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.

Don’t you think that Peter’s manufactories, using the labor of forced people, are not progressive capitalist enterprises? 2. Don’t you think that as a result of the administrative reform, a cumbersome, bureaucratic system of governing the country has emerged? What changes took place in the army, economy, and politics during the reign of Peter the Great?

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Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance, the number of officials and the costs of their maintenance increased. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material expenses. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect. All this worsened the situation of the tax-paying population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).

Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. A decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree prohibited the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, uprising of K. Bulavin, Uprising in Bashkiria)Peter used mass executions, torture, and exile as a means of punishment. For example, The Streletsky riot of 1698 was a brutal reprisal against the Streltsy, which was carried out by the sovereign. 799 archers were executed. Only those between 14 and 20 years old were spared their lives, and even then they were beaten with whips.

Construction of St. St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg.

Church. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... There was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow. Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade the election of a successor. In 1721, the patriarchate was abolished, and the “Holy Governing Synod” was created to govern the church, subordinate to the Senate. The state strengthened control over church income from the monastery peasants, systematically withdrawing a significant part of it for the construction of the fleet, maintenance of the army, schools, etc. The creation of new monasteries was prohibited, and the number of monks in existing ones was limited.

Old Believers. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they also took a fine from them for the fact that the priests performed spiritual services with them. They did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. For disobedience they were sent to hard labor as enemies of the church and state.

Culture. Peter I's desire to turn Russians into Europeans overnight was carried out using violent methods. Shaving of beards, introduction of European-style clothing. Those who disagreed were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Petrine “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any “educated” person, since a nobleman dressed in European style and speaking a foreign language seemed to the peasant to be a foreigner. Peter openly despised all folk customs. Peter, returning from Europe, ordered to forcibly shave beards and wear foreign clothes. At the city outposts there were special spies who cut off the beards of passers-by and travelers and trimmed the hems of long, nationally cut clothes. Those who resisted had their beards simply torn out by the roots. On January 4, 1700, all residents of Moscow were ordered to wear wine-colored dresses. Two days were given to carry out the order. It was forbidden to ride a Russian-style saddle. Merchants for selling Russian clothes were mercifully promised a whip, confiscation of property and hard labor.

Don't you think that cultural change is not just about shaving beards? Do you think the creation of new educational institutions, textbooks, museums, and civil fonts are progressive phenomena in culture? Do you think it is possible for Russia to become a great empire without a strong army? Who should support it?What actions could Peter have taken to achieve his goal or what actions could he have refrained from? Were alternative actions possible?

- So, you have become acquainted with the documents and we need two masters who will record your evidence on this issue ( evidence is written down by masters on the board, or shown using ICT) . So, as true historians, what conclusion did you come to when studying the documents? Was Peter I evil and treacherous, immoral and greedy, or was Peter the genius of the Russian land, a great reformer?

Yes, well, you painted a picture for us. Let's listen to the defense team now.

Summarize: we got two almost identical columns. What conclusion does this suggest? I ask you to express your opinion (students’ answers are listened to)

What do you think, was there an alternative to the development of Russia, was it necessary to take such radical measures?

Conclusion: History does not know the subjunctive mood. Peter the Great was and his deeds were great. I think and hope that our descendants will support me, that Tsar Peter I embodied so many different and sometimes contradictory qualities that it is difficult to characterize him unambiguously. The merits of Peter I are so great that they began to call him the Great, and the state turned into an empire. Peter was naturally a reformer, but the methods he chose to carry out reforms were radical. Yes, Peter appears before us as frantic and cruel, but such was the age. The new was making its way. Just as fiercely and mercilessly as the outdated old clung to life.

I would like to end our discussion with a statement from historian M.P. Pogodin, who lived in Pushkin’s times. In the book “Peter the Great” M.P. Pogodin wrote: “We are waking up. What day is it now? January 1, 1841 - Peter the Great ordered to count the months from January. It's time to get dressed - our dress is made according to the style given by Peter the Great... the essence is woven in the factory that he started, the wool is sheared from the sheep that he bred. A book catches my eye - Peter the Great introduced this font into use and cut out these letters himself.

At dinner, from the salted herrings and potatoes that he ordered to sow, to the grape wine he diluted, all the dishes will tell you about Peter the Great. Place in the system of European states, management, legal proceedings... Factories, factories, canals, roads... Military schools, academies are the essence of monuments to his tireless activity and his genius.”

The era of Peter the Great is in many ways instructive for us today, when we have to, as Peter the Great did in his time, create and defend a new Russia on the old outdated basis, reform the army and navy, cultivate hard work, active patriotism, devotion to state interests and love for the military business. Love your Fatherland and be proud of Russia.

Bibliography:

A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulin “History of Russia: late 16th – 18th centuries.” M., "Enlightenment", 2010

Buganov V.I., Zyryanov P.N. History of Russia at the end of the 17th - 19th centuries. Moscow: Mysl, 1995
Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great and his time, Moscow: Enlightenment, 1989

Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. M., Mysl, 1990

Pogodin M.P. Peter the Great. - In the book: Historical-critical passages, vol. 1.M., 1846

Pushkin A.S. “The Bronze Horseman” Poems. Moscow., Bustard-Plus., 2010

Pushkin A.S. “Stanzas” Works in three volumes. St. Petersburg: Golden Age, Diamant, 1997.

documents on the topic Peter the Tyrant or Reformer.doc

Peter I is a great reformer. Student card(s)______________________

Policy.As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of government. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by collegiums that were subordinate to the Senate. Instead of the Boyar Duma, which did not play a significant role by the beginning of the 18th century, the Governing Senate was created, which had legislative, administrative and judicial powers. The Boyar Duma was numerous, practically never convened, and is considered by historians to be an ineffective institution. The “Table of Ranks” was introduced. The list of ranks on January 24, 1722, the Table of Ranks, introduced a new classification of serving people. This founding act of the reformed Russian bureaucracy put the bureaucratic hierarchy, merit and length of service, in the place of the aristocratic hierarchy of breed, pedigree book. In one of the articles attached to the table, it is emphatically explained that the nobility of the family in itself, without service, means nothing and does not create any position for a person: people of noble birth are not given any position until they do not contribute to the sovereign and the fatherland. they will show "and for this character ("honor and rank", according to the interpretation of that time) they will not receive"

Economy.The most remarkable development in the economy of the late 17th and early 18th centuries was the significant growth of large-scale manufacturing industries. By 1725 there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and in 1690 only 21), i.e. in 30 years the country's industry grew 11 times. Pig iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to begin exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade (domestic and foreign) made significant progress. Peter I based his economic activity on the policy of mercantilism (stimulating exports and limiting imports). In 1726, exports amounted to 4.3 million rubles, and imports - 2.1 million rubles. In 1724, the Customs Tariff was introduced (low duties were introduced on exports and high duties on imports - 75% of the cost). Metalworking factories were built in the Urals, Karelia, near Tula. If before the beginning of the 18th century, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of the reign of Peter I the country began to sell it. Copper ore deposits were discovered. (Ural.) Manufactories related to the production of linen, ropes, and cloth appeared. Moreover, the textile industry was actually created anew. A new branch of industry was shipbuilding (Voronezh, St. Petersburg.)

Army. The formation of a standing army was announced by decree of 1699. In the period from 1699 to 1725, 53 recruitments were carried out, which gave the army and navy 280 thousand people. The recruitment system took shape over five years, and by the end of the reign of Peter I, the total number of the army was 318 thousand people (including Cossack units). This is how a regular army was formed with a single principle of recruitment, uniform uniforms and weapons. Simultaneously with the creation of the army, the construction of the fleet continued. Until 1702, 28 ships, 23 galleys and many small vessels were built in Voronezh. Since 1702, ships were already being built in the Baltic, on the Syas River. By the time of the Battle of Gangut (1714), the Baltic Fleet had been created consisting of 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small vessels.

Construction of St. Petersburg

Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, establishing a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. The city was named after St. Apostle Peter. In 1712 the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.

On the issue of religion . Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state. It was widely used in Russia by different religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, Jewish.

Education and science . Peter I paid great attention to education and science. He not only obliged all noble children to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval, engineering schools, and an artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called Vedomosti and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To make reading and writing easier, in 1708 he reformed the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum, the Kunstkamera. And, at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.

Personality of Peter. Peter himself always took a direct part in all events. The launching of a new ship was a holiday for the king. Peter the worker, Peter with calloused hands - this is the personification of the entire Russian people in the so-called era of transformation. Memoirs of the Danish envoy Julius Just: “I went to the Admiralty shipyard to be present at the raising of the stems (the main beams in the hull of the ship). The king, as the chief shipmaster, was in charge of everything, chopping with an ax, which he wielded more skillfully than carpenters. Having made the order, the tsar took off his hat in front of the admiral general standing there, asked him: “Should I put it on?”, and upon receiving an affirmative answer, he put it on. The king expresses such respect to all senior officials.” Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power.

"Peter I is not a great reformer". Student card(s)______________________

Policy . The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance, in connection with which in 1722 special authorities were created (fiscals, prosecutor's office) and the position of prosecutor general was introduced, which led to another increase in the number of officials and the costs of their maintenance. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. All transformations in the country, incl. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material expenses. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect (changes in the tax system, the state introduced a monopoly on the sale of certain goods). All this worsened the situation of the tax-paying population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).

Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. A decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree prohibited the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The tax reform enslaved “walking” people and slaves. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance. (Astrakhan uprising, uprising of K. Bulavin, Uprising in Bashkiria)

Streltsy uprising 1698 - Moscow uprisingStreltsy regiments , caused e hardships of service in border towns, grueling campaigns, oppression by colonels. The Streletsky riot of 1698 was a brutal reprisal against the Streltsy, which was carried out by the sovereign. Pyotr Alekseevich said: “And they deserve death for their innocence, for rebelling.” The investigation had not yet been completed, but the execution had already begun. Peter was the first to participate in them himself and even expressed dissatisfaction when the boyars cut off the heads of the rebels without proper skill. Alexander Menshikov boasted: “I personally cut off the heads of 20 archers.” 799 archers were executed. Only those who were between 14 and 20 years old were spared their lives, and then they were beaten with whips.Over the next six months, 1,182 archers were executed, 601 people were whipped, branded and exiled. The investigation and executions continued for almost another ten years, the total number of executed people reached 2,000 people.

Construction of St. St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg. The masons were forced to go to work in St. Petersburg. In addition, everyone entering the city was subject to a “stone tax”: they had to bring with them a certain amount of stone or pay a special fee. Peasants arrived from all surrounding regions to work on the new lands to work on construction.Serfs were used on a large scale to work on the project. It is believed that around 30,000 died during construction.

Church. All reforms were made for the people and in the name of the people...But what is the price of this? What did people pay for this? The Tsar encroached on the brightest thing that exists in Rus' - the Church of God! The Church has always helped the people, given hope and faith. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... There was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow. Every fifth temple was left without a language.

Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade the election of a successor. The management of the church was entrusted to one of the metropolitans, who performed the functions of “locum tenens of the patriarchal throne.” In 1721, the patriarchate was abolished, and the “Holy Governing Synod,” or Spiritual Collegium, which was also subordinate to the Senate, was created to govern the church. In parallel with this, the state strengthened control over church income from the monastery peasants, systematically seized a significant part of it for the construction of the fleet, the maintenance of the army, schools, etc. The creation of new monasteries was prohibited, the number of monks in existing ones was limited

Old Believers. The Old Believers did not have freedom in their native land. During the reign of Peter, they were no longer burned en masse, but individual cases of burning and other executions were not uncommon. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they also took a fine from them for the fact that the priests performed spiritual services with them. In a word, the Old Believers were a source of income for both the government and the clergy. However, they did not enjoy any civil rights in the state. The Old Believers were divided into the so-called “recorded” and “non-recorded”. Those who were specially registered and paid double tax were called registered; those who were not registered lived secretly, they were caught and sent to hard labor as enemies of the church and state, despite the fact that they were the most faithful sons of their fatherland.

Culture. Peter I’s desire to turn Russians into Europeans overnight was carried out using violent methods. Shaving of beards, introduction of European-style clothing. Those who disagreed were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Petrine “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any “educated” person, since a nobleman dressed in European style and speaking a foreign language seemed to the peasant to be a foreigner. Peter openly despised all folk customs. He threw off his royal brocade robes and dressed himself in foreign camisoles. He imprisoned the legitimate queen in a monastery... According to the Russians, shaving was a sin. Christ himself wore a beard, the apostles wore beards, and all Orthodox Christians should wear a beard.