Definition in Russian. What is the definition in Russian? What is an agreed definition in Russian?

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, defines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can apply to words of different parts of speech: nouns and words formed from adjectives or participles by transitioning to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and non-agreed definition

An agreed definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A dissatisfied girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the open terrace.

(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: laughing boy, bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition may not be consistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connections:

management

adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the nightstand.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book

(mom’s book is an agreed upon definition, type of connection: coordination, and mom’s book is inconsistent, type of connection: management)

Inconsistent definition based on adjacency:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift - an expensive gift

(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is coordination)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Wed: center with five floors - five-story center

(a center with five floors is an uncoordinated definition, the type of communication is management, and a five-story center is an agreed definition, the type of communication is coordination)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus - noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French - adverb)

3) verb in an indefinite form:

She had a knack for listening.

(listen is an infinitive verb)

4) comparative degree of an adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she always chooses the more difficult tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(ee – possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

A special type of definition is application. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case.

Applications denote various characteristics of the subject, which are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived in the hotel with me.

A variety of applications are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, printed publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Let's compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony is a consistent application, the words river and Sukhona are in the same case.)

My son read the fairy tale “Cinderella”.

(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases

harmonization of definitions is:

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976.

What are agreed definitions?

Valentina Popova

Agreed definitions expressed by participles and adjectives are separated in the following cases:
I. An agreed definition is isolated, which comes after the word being defined and is expressed by a participle with dependent words (participial phrase) or an adjective with dependent words (adjective phrase):
1) Anfisa carried twenty-five large diamonds in a suede bag that belonged to Anna Frantsevna (M. Bulgakov). 2) - The sun poured into the room through a light lattice reaching to the floor (M. Bulgakov). 3) On the empty platform, long stripes of rainwater, blue from the sky, shone subtly (I. Bunin).

Natalie

Such definitions, which agree with the defined nouns in gender, number, case, are usually expressed by adjectives (HARD day), participles (jumping boy), pronouns changing like adjectives (your diary, some kind of animal, some difficulties), ordinal numbers (fifth grade). When a noun changes, these definitions also change, i.e., they AGREE with the nouns, which is why they are called that, in contrast to inconsistent definitions. Wed. : big house, to a big house, big house - big - agreed definition. What house? around the corner. houses around the corner, to the house around the corner. Around the corner is an inconsistent definition; when the noun changes, these words do not agree, the definition of “around the corner” does not change.

What is a stand-alone inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with a preposition), are isolated if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded along the streets and boulevards. Inconsistent definitions can also appear before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a smart coat wide open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Usually such inconsistent definitions are isolated:
if they refer to one’s own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, with a cap on the back of her head and a shawl, was sitting on the sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if they refer to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black net on her head, Caroline sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of relationship, profession, position held, and so on, since due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother’s jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiling at something.
Isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating a given phrase from a neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject: Women, with long rakes in their hands, wander in the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a phrase with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective is not isolated: But at another time there was no more active person than him.
Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, are isolated and separated with the help of a dash, in front of which the words can be placed without prejudice to the meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or to stay - for themselves, for their loved ones. But if, according to the conditions of the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika Asakova

Isolation is highlighting in writing with punctuation marks, and in oral speech with intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of a sentence that answers the question: Which one? Whose? , is emphasized in the sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word according to the method of control or adjacency. For example: a staircase (which one?) to the attic. To the attic - inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Navy borscht is an agreed definition (it has the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our athletes are high-class players. High-class players are an inconsistent definition.
For your information, a participial figure of speech is an agreed upon definition.

In sentences with isolated members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

§ 18. Separate definitions

Agreed Definitions

§ 18. Agreed definitions.1

Separate themselves(separated comma, and in the middle of the sentence, they are highlighted on both sides with commas) common definitions, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on it (the so-called attributive phrases), standing after the defined noun or substantivized word: Along the dusty road leading to the gardens creaking carts stretched, filled with black grapes(L.T.); We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous centuries-old forest, equal in size to the good principality(Cupr.); Those three are also standing everyone is gloomy(M.G.).

At the end of a sentence, a separate definition, especially when listing, can be separated not by a comma, but dash: I have always been interested in this house in an old alley - darkly mysterious, noble in all its appearance, unlike any other.

§ 18. Agreed definitions.2

Common definitions are not distinguished:

1) standing before the defined noun and not having additional adverbial connotations of meaning (see below, paragraph 8): Daria Alexandrovna stood among scattered around the room of things(L.T.); At the table I was rummaging through books recently arrived from the village accountant(Sh.);

2) standing after the defined noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined: Marya Dmitrievna assumed the appearance dignified and somewhat resentful(T.) - combination of words took the form doesn't make sense; Chernyshevsky created the work highly original and extremely wonderful(D.P.); You have chosen a judge quite strict(L.); Werner is a man wonderful for many reasons(L.); If you are human self respecting... then you will certainly ask for curses(Adv.); Attempts to write simply led to results sad and funny(M.G.) - without the following two definitions, the noun does not express the required concept; It was a smile unusually kind, wide and soft(Ch.); We were met by a man slender and good-looking; A face looks back at you from the portrait smart and very expressive(cf.: ...woman's face, amazingly beautiful); They all turned out to be students well prepared; Division - action inverse of multiplication; We often don't notice things much more significant; An old man came in with a bald skull, like an apostle;

3) connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, of which they are included: In March the grain lay poured into bins(S.-Shch.) - the meaning of the statement is not that the grain was lying, but that it was poured into the bins (in these cases, the attributive phrase can be expressed by the form of the instrumental case: lay poured into bins); The neat old man walked armed with a rain umbrella(M.G.); The linden stands as if surrounded at a great distance by a closed ring of this smell(Paust.); In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Law Club excited and joyful(A.T.) - in the role of attributive phrase there are two single definitions; Morning has come washed by the rains, with blue streaks on the fields, with the fat, well-fed shine of the wet earth(Nick.); The moon has risen very purple and gloomy(Ch.); The foliage comes out densely from under your feet dull, gray(Priv.); Even birch and rowan trees stood sleepy in the sultry languor that surrounded them(M.-S.); The sea lay at his feet silent and white from the cloudy sky(Paust.); The buses were coming jam-packed.

Typically, such constructions are formed with verbs of motion and state, acting as a significant connective. Wed. with a verb of different semantics: Elizabeth was silent scared and excited(A.T.).

If a verb with the meaning of movement or state itself serves as a predicate, then the attributive phrase stands apart: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles and a half from me and left, very pleased with his victory(T.); The break had not yet ended, and she was already standing at the machine, pale, smoothly combed(Nick.); And she walked next to me, stocky, confident in her strength(Ch.);

4) expressed by a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since these forms do not form a revolution and act as an indivisible member of the sentence: Books appeared more popular; Worked in conditions less suitable; Option proposed more simple; Information received The most important; The experiments were carried out at temperatures lower. Wed. (as part of turnover): In a circle closest to the bride were her two sisters(L.T.).

But: Managed to create a new alloy, more durable than steel - the influence of the previous definition is felt new(cf.: Managed to create an alloy more durable than steel) in addition, in the form of the comparative degree there is a combination of h I eat steel As a result, a defining phrase is formed.

§ 18. Agreed definitions.3

The attributive phrase that comes after an indefinite pronoun is usually not isolated, since it forms a single whole with the preceding pronoun: Her big eyes... were looking for something similar in mine on hope(L.); All desires fell asleep in him, except the desire to think about something inexpressible in words(M.G.); Something flashed across his face like a smile.

But with a less close connection and if there is a pause after the pronoun when reading, the turn stands apart: And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store(Pan.) - two single definitions are separated.

§ 18. Agreed definitions.4

The attributive phrase, which comes after attributive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, is closely adjacent to them and is not separated by a comma: All late for lecture stood in the corridor; These recently published the poems were written a long time ago; Your proven in practice the method deserves attention; All laughing, cheerful, marked with humor was not available to him(Cor.); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed heads(A.T.).

But if the attributive phrase has the character of an explanation or clarification (see § 22, paragraph 4), then it stands out: Everything related to the railway, still filled with the poetry of travel for me(Paust.) - the attributive pronoun is substantivized.

Turnover taken together always in different forms stands apart: All this, taken together, convinces of the correctness of the decision; In these collections, taken together, contains hundreds of exercises.

§ 18. Agreed definitions.5

The attributive phrase that comes after a negative pronoun is usually not separated from it by a comma: Nobody admitted to the third stage of the competition Ivanov did not perform better; Nothing compares to this attraction shown in a circus program.

But with intonational emphasis on the phrase: ...And no one else scared of death was not afraid of slave life(M.G.).

§ 18. Agreed definitions.6

Separate themselves two or more single (uncommon) definitions appearing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by one more (or more) definition: The place entwined with vineyards looked like a covered cozy gazebo, dark and cool(L.T.); Favorite faces dead and alive come to mind(T.); From a young age I was obsessed with every possible ailment, both hereditary and acquired(S.-Shch.) (about placing a comma before the first And see paragraph 1, note. 1); Another beach, flat and sandy, densely and discordantly covered with a dense cluster of huts(M.G.); And the theater was besieged by a sea of ​​people, violent, assertive(BUT.).

However, if the preceding definition is expressed by a pronoun, then subsequent definitions may separate or not separate: And sleep and sweet peace... visited my corner again tight and simple(P.); And once my gaze dry and passionate, I couldn't keep it in the dust(Br.).

In the absence of a previous definition, subsequent single definitions are isolated or are not isolated depending on the degree of their intonation-semantic proximity with the defined noun. Wed:

And the Cossacks, and on foot and horseback, acted on three roads to three gates(G.);… I especially liked the eyes big and sad(T.); It's been raining for three weeks now. stubborn, merciless, impudent, destroying(M.-S); Dusk has fallen over Vetluga, blue, warm, quiet(Cor.); In the air, hot and dusty, talk of a thousand voices(M.G.); Mother, sad and anxious, sat on a thick knot and cried(Ch.); The lane lies along the forest - dusty, dry and straight(for placing a dash, see paragraph 1) - in these examples the noun does not need a definition, the connection between them is weak;

Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me on the sidelines deaf and distant(P.); Under this thick gray overcoat my heart was beating passionate and noble(L.); Sunlight and sounds said that somewhere in this world there was life pure, elegant, poetic(Ch.); He began to talk about his childhood days in words strong and heavy(M.G.) - in these examples the noun needs a definition, without it the statement does not have a complete meaning.

Single definitions are isolated, if they are not directly attached to the defined noun: The color of the sky light, pale lilac, does not change all day(T.); The sky opened up high, transparent icy and blue(F.); With my speech, passionate and lively Beridze captivated everyone(Already). (Cf. paragraph 9.) In poetic speech, the intonation of pronunciation and the rhythm of the verse influence the isolation or non-isolation. Thus, two single definitions are not isolated in the following examples: Snow is silvering in a clean field wavy and pockmarked(P.); A Lezghian sits on a stone between them decrepit and gray(L.); Forest frequent and dense... the rider was riding(Mike.); I want to explore the secrets of life wise and simple(Br.); In a rush fiery and brave he blew the calling horn(Poor.); A lean and gray-haired man played a bow on the violin of an old gypsy(March.); Along the path clean, smooth I passed, didn't follow(Ec.); I'm shaking from acute pain and anger bitter and holy(TV).

§ 18. Agreed definitions.7

Single definition stands apart:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to the subordinate part of a complex sentence: To the young man to the lover, it's impossible not to spill the beans(T.) [cf.: To a young man, if (when) he is in love...]; In the sky, deep blue, the silver moon was melting(M.G.);

2) if it has an additional circumstantial meaning: Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Ch.) - to a purely determinative meaning (what young ladies?) a causal meaning is added (why are they running up?) or with another adverbial connotation (in what state are they running up?) ; People, amazed, became like stones(M.G.); Mironov, surprised, for a long time, until my eyes hurt, I looked at the sky(M.G.); Boy, confused, blushed;

3) if separated in the text from the defined noun: The eyes closed and semi-closed, smiled too(T.); On the bench scattered, there were pistons, a gun, a dagger...(L.T.); Nastasya Petrovna hugged Yegorushka again, called him an angel and, tearful, began to collect on the table(Ch.);

4) if it has a clarifying meaning: And five minutes later it was already raining heavily, cover(Ch.).

§ 18. Agreed definitions.8

Common or single adjectives that appear immediately before the noun being defined are are isolated, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.): Tired to the last degree, climbers could not continue their ascent - to a definitive meaning (which climbers?; cf. without isolation: Climbers tired to the last degree...) causal meaning is layered (why couldn’t they continue their ascent?); Left to our own devices children will be in a difficult situation - What is important here is not so much the defining meaning (what kind of children?; cf. without isolation: Children left to their own devices...), how much is adverbial - conditional (under what conditions will they find themselves in a difficult situation?); Usually calm The speaker was very worried this time - here not only the characteristics of a person are given (which speaker?; cf. without isolation: Usually a calm speaker...), but also introduces a condescending shade of meaning (despite the fact that he is usually calm...). In all such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by the causal subordinate part of a complex sentence (...because we are tired to the last degree), conditional (...if they are left to their own devices), concessional (...although he is usually calm).

To check the presence of adverbial meaning, we use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being (being tired to the last degree; being left to oneself; being usually calm): if such a replacement is possible, we can talk about the presence of circumstantial meaning, which gives grounds for isolation. Wed: Accompanied by an officer the commandant entered the house(P.) - i.e. being accompanied - the meaning of simultaneity; Confused Mironov bowed to his back(M.G.); Cheerful and cheerful, Radik was generally a favorite(F.); Seized by some vague premonition, Korchagin quickly got dressed and left the house.(BUT.); Disheveled, unwashed, Nezhdanov looked wild and strange(T.); Tired of mother's cleanliness, the guys learned to be cunning(Pan.); Wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Br.); high, Lelya was too thin even in quilted clothes(Koch.); Deafened by the heavy roar, Terkin bows his head(TV).

§ 18. Agreed definitions.9

Common or single definitions are isolated if they are separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition comes before or after the word being defined): To meet me clean and clear as if washed by the morning cool, the sounds of a bell came, and suddenly past me, chased by familiar boys, a rested herd rushed by(T.); Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Ch.); The arrows shot at him fell, pathetic, back to earth(M.G.); And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope(Sh.); Over the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid(Fed.); Repeatedly, mysterious and lonely, the rebel battleship Potemkin appeared on the horizon(Cat.); Bordered by flying foam, day and night it breathes(Bl.); Spread out on the grass well-deserved shirts and pants were dried(Pan.).

§ 18. Agreed definitions.10

Definitions related to the personal pronoun are isolated regardless of their prevalence and location: Lulled by sweet hopes, he was fast asleep(Ch.); Short, stocky, he had terrible power in his hands(M.G.); He turned and left, and I, confused, stayed next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paust.); wounded, they crawled onto the rocks again, dragging their machine guns with difficulty(Esb.); From him, jealous, locked in the room, you me, lazy, remember with a kind word(Sim.).

Inconsistent definitions

§ 18. Inconsistent definitions.1

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by forms of oblique cases of nouns (usually with prepositions), are isolated to highlight a feature or to enhance the meaning they express: Serf, in shiny decoration, with folded back sleeves, immediately served various drinks and food(G.); Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulets, paraded through the streets and boulevards(L.T.); The sea splashed and rustled, everything is covered in white lace shavings(M.G.); In a white tie, in a smart coat wide open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in the loop of his tailcoat, the general was returning from lunch, alone(T.); Along many Russian rivers, like the Volga, one bank is mountainous, the other is meadow(T.).

Usually are isolated inconsistent definitions that complement or clarify the idea of ​​a person or object, which in itself (without definition) is quite specific and is already known. This role is played by proper names (they distinguish a person-object from a number of similar ones), names of persons by degree of relationship (also a specific selection), by position, profession, position (the same), personal pronouns (indicate a person already known from the context). Some syntactic conditions are also taken into account (see below).

Thus, inconsistent definitions, expressed by the forms of oblique cases of nouns, are separated:

1) if they refer to a person’s own name: Berezhkova herself, in a silk dress, a cap on the back of the head and a shawl, sat on the sofa(Gonch.); Shabashkin, s cap on the head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him(P.); Kolya, in his new jacket with gold buttons, was the hero of the day(T.); Daria Alexandrovna, in blouse and with braids of already sparse, once thick and beautiful hair pinned to the back of her head, stood among the things scattered around the room(L.T.); Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with an unbuttoned shirt on his chest, Dymov seemed beautiful and extraordinary(Ch.); Elizaveta Kievna never left my memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes(A.T.);

2) if they refer to the names of persons by degree of relationship, position, profession, etc.: The mother came out majestically, lilac dress, lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck(M.G.); Grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squints, smiles at something(M.G.); Sotsky, with a healthy stick in hand, stood behind him(M.G.); Headman, in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, Noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L.T.);

3) if they refer to a personal pronoun: I'm surprised that you with your kindness, don't feel it(L.T.); ...Today she, in new blue hood, was especially young(M.G.);

4) if separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the defined word is expressed by a proper or common noun): After dessert everyone moved to the buffet, where black dress, with a black mesh on the head, Caroline was sitting(Gonch.); On his ruddy face, with straight big nose, bluish eyes shone sternly(M.G.);

5) if they form a series of homogeneous members of a sentence with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed): I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard(T.); This trotting man skinny, with a stick in his hand, sparkled and smoked, blazing with an insatiable greed for the game of business(M.G.); With bony shoulder blades, with a lump under his eye, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he was a funny figure(Ch.); Old shepherd ragged and barefoot, in a warm hat, with a dirty bag at his hip and with a hook on a long stick, calmed down the dogs(Ch.);

6) if they serve as a way of deliberately separating the attributive phrase from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be attributed in meaning and syntactically, and attributing it to the subject: Women, with with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(T.); Painter, in drunk, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(M.G.).

§ 18. Inconsistent definitions.2

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a phrase with the comparative form of the adjective (often the qualified noun is preceded by an agreed definition), are separated: Force, stronger than his will threw him out of there(T.); Short beard slightly darker hair slightly shaded lips and chin(ACT.); Another room, almost twice as much was called the hall(Ch.).

But with a close connection with the defined noun, the phrase is not isolated: But at other times there was no man more active than him(T.); I've seen a lot of picturesque and remote places in Russia, but I'm unlikely to ever see a river more virgin and mysterious, than Pra(Paust.).

§ 18. Inconsistent definitions.3

Inconsistent definitions expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, which can be preceded by words without prejudice to the meaning namely, separated by dash: ...I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - do good!(Ch.); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die(Br.); ...We are all possessed by the same passion - resist(Kettle.); An order was received from the battery - no take the phone away from your ear and check the line every five minutes(Cat.); With her defenselessness she evoked knightly feelings in him - shield, fence, protect; Where did you get this right from? - judge? Such definitions are explanatory in nature (see § 23, paragraph 1).

If such an inconsistent definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated using dash: ...Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay - for yourself, for your loved ones(Kettle.). If, according to the context, there must be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice left - lose the army and Moscow or Moscow alone, then the field marshal had to choose the latter(L.T.).

§ 19. Separate applications

§ 19.1

Isolated a common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often - in front of it): Old woman, Trishka's mother, died, but the old people father and father-in-law were still alive(S.-Sch.); Good-natured old man, hospital guard, immediately let him in(L.T.); Heir to brilliant nobility and crude plebeism, the bourgeoisie combined in himself the most severe shortcomings of both, having lost their merits(Hertz.); Giants of centuries gone by, guardians of the legends of glory, there are Cossack mounds(Marmot.).

Designs of the following types are also distinguished: The director of the film spoke he is also the performer of one of the roles, Eldar Ryazanov.

§ 19.2

Isolated single (uncommon) application, standing after a common noun, if the defined noun has explanatory words with it: He stopped his horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, deacon(T.); One girl looked after me, polka(M.G.).

Less commonly, a non-common application is isolated with a single qualified noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application and prevent it from merging intonationally with the word being defined (see below): Father, drunkard fed herself from an early age(M.G.); Girl, smart girl I immediately guessed where the book was hidden.

§ 19.3

Hyphen written after a proper name (most often a geographical name, which acts as an appendix for a generic name): Moscow River, Ilmen Lake, Kazbek Mountain, Astrakhan City(but with reverse word order: Moscow River, Lake Ilmen, Mount Kazbek, Astrakhan city; expressions like Mother Rus', Mother Earth have the character of stable combinations).

After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only if the defined noun and the appendix are merged into one complex intonation-semantic whole: Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.(But: Cato the Elder - nickname of a historical figure Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger, or Utic - translation of nickname from Latin).

§ 19.4

Hyphen not written:

1) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to an adjective definition: handsome man(cf. a handsome man), an old father, a giant factory (but: a giant factory), a poor shoemaker, a strong horseman, a little orphan, a predator wolf, a skilled cook. It should be noted, however, that a noun appendix may differ in meaning from a qualifying adjective; yes, in a sentence Tatyana, at the behest of the lady, was married to a drunken shoemaker(T.) combination drunkard shoemaker(constant sign) not the same as drunk shoemaker(temporary sign);

2) if in a combination of two common nouns the first denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific one: chrysanthemum flower, eucalyptus tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver steel, carbon gas, floss threads, nylon fabric, montpensier lollipops, kharcho soup.

But if such a combination forms a complex scientific term (the second part does not always serve as an independent species designation), the name of a specialty, etc., then hyphen is written: brown hare, lyre bird, goshawk, stag beetle, rhinoceros beetle, swimming beetle, mantis crab, hermit crab, vole mouse, cabbage butterfly, therapist, tool maker, teacher mathematician, organic chemist, landscape artist, Dominican monk;

3) if the defined noun or application is itself written with a hyphen: female doctors, surgeons, civil engineer designer, boiler fitter, mechanical engineer designer, Mother Volga River, hero fighter pilot(but in some terms - two hyphens: captain-lieutenant engineer, rear admiral engineer);

4) if with the defined noun there are two uncommon applications connected by a conjunction and: students of philology and journalists; Conservative and Liberal MPs; the same if two qualified nouns have a common application: students and graduate students of philology.

In terminological combinations, the so-called hanging hyphen:agronomists and cotton growers(i.e. agronomists-cotton growers and cotton growers; application is the second component of a compound noun, a hyphen is written after the first component); mechanical engineer, metallurgist, electrician(common component is the first part of the addition, the hyphen is written before the second part);

5) if the first element of the combination is words citizen, sir, our brother, your brother, comrade(in the meanings “I and those like me”, “you and those like you”): citizen judge, Mr. Envoy, our brother student.

§ 19.5

Isolated application relating to a proper name, if it comes after the noun being defined: The suitcase was brought in by coachman Selifan, a short man in a sheepskin coat, and footman Petrushka, a guy of about thirty in a second-hand frock coat(G.); Sergey Nikanorych, barman, poured five glasses of tea(Ch.); Markush's rootless man, street cleaner, sitting on the floor, whittling sticks and slats for bird cages(M.G.).

Before a proper name, the application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in his studies(Koch.) (cf.: being stubborn in everything - with causal meaning); Famous scout Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was when they first met.(Kaz.) (cf.: although he was a famous intelligence officer - with a concessional meaning).

But (without additional adverbial meaning): Lieutenant of the Tsarist Army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland(Fed.).

§ 19.6

The person's own name or the name of the animal acts as isolated application, if it explains or clarifies a common noun (you can insert the words before such an application without changing the meaning namely, that is, and his name is; see § 23, paragraph 1): Daughter of Daria Mikhailovna, Natalya Alekseevna, I might not like it at first glance(T.); My father, Klim Torsuev, a famous soap maker, was a man of difficult character(M.G.); At the door, in the sun, his father’s beloved greyhound dog lay with his eyes closed. - Milka(L.T.); And Ani's brothers, Petya and Andryusha, high school students tugged at him[father] behind the tailcoat...(Ch.); The fourth son is still just a boy, Vasya(Paust.).

§ 19.7

Separate application can join union How(with the additional meaning of causality), as well as the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc. (regardless of what part of speech the defined word is expressed): Ilyusha sometimes like a frisky boy, I just want to rush in and redo everything myself(Gonch..); Like an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold decoration(Sh.); Leontiev was carried away by this thought, but like a careful person, I haven't told anyone about it yet(Paust.); ...The little dark-haired lieutenant, surname Zhuk, led the battalion to the backyards of that street(Sim.); Master, originally a Yaik Cossack, seemed to be a man of about sixty(P.); This student named Mikhalevich, enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky(T.); Ermolai had a pointer dog, nicknamed Valetka(T.).

But (without intonation of isolation): He got himself a teddy bear named Yasha(Paust.); A specialist doctor was invited by surname Medvedev.

§ 19.8

The application of a decent pronoun is always isolated: Is it him? to a dwarf, compete with a giant?(P.); A doctrinaire and somewhat pedantic, he loved to instruct(Hertz.); To me, as a high-ranking person, it is not proper to ride a horse-drawn horse(Ch.); Just yesterday the fugitives they became exiles today(Fed.); Here it is, explanation(L.T.).

In sentences like the last example, double punctuation is possible: depending on the nature of the intonation, the presence or absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in the demonstrative function) with a preceding particle Here; compare: Here they are, hare dreams! (S.-Sch.); Here they are, workers!(Triple); Here she is reality (S.-K.); This is pride...(Hunchback.); Here it is triumph of virtue and truth. (Ch.).

A comma is not used in such sentences when following a demonstrative particle Here with pronoun after noun: It's spring here she is, in the yard(Floor.).

§ 19.9

Isolated an application that refers to a word missing in a given sentence, if the latter is suggested by the context: You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema(Ch.) (meaning burbot); “They bury a madman” - “Ah! Also outlived darling, yours"(Fed.); That's how it should be. Next time, let him not be fiscal, rascal(Cupr.). The missing pronoun can be suggested by the personal form of the predicate verb: Never, sinner, I don’t drink, but if something like this happens I’ll drink(Ch.). (See also § 18, paragraph 7.)

§ 19.10

When separating applications, use a comma instead of dash in the following cases:

1) if you can insert words before the application without changing the meaning namely: In the far corner there was a yellow spot glowing - fire Serafima's apartments(M.G.); She sketched ancient lamps with the coat of arms of the city of Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins(Paust.); On Nechaev’s dry face, with a soft boyish forehead, there were traces of burns - two white non-tanning spots(N. Chuk.);

2) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given: I don't like this tree too much - aspen(T.); IN in the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied bureau on absurd four legs - perfect bear(G.); My path went past the Berdsk settlement - refuge of Pugachevsky(P.); We drove around some old dam, drowned in nettles, and a long-dried pond - deep ravine overgrown with weeds(Boon.); In the storage sheds there were wide, round pits in two rows - wooden vats dug deep into the ground(M.G.); His bike helped him out - the only wealth accumulated in the last three years of work(Fed.); Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse - old deaf Swede(Paust.); It was a wonderful April day - best time in the Arctic(Hump.); The first thing she did was go to the loan office and pawn the turquoise ring there. -your only jewel(Ch.); The Martian soil contains hydrogen peroxide, a poison for living things; Each Olympics not only names champions, but also nominates sports heroes - right-wing world sports(gas.);

3) to highlight applications of an explanatory nature on both sides: Some kind of unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covering fields and fields with a liquid network(G.); Mild cramps - a sign of strong feeling - ran over his wide lips(T.); Night caretaker - retired soldier from Skobelev's times - followed the owner(Fed.); Memory of Avicenna - outstanding scientist-encyclopedist, fighter for reason and progress - a road for all humanity(gas.); They caught fish with nonsense - small seine - yes, with trap tops; Got a depth gauge - weight on a long string - and measured the depth; He - disabled person - continued to work and help others.

§ 20. Special circumstances

Participial constructions

§ 20. Participial constructions.1

The participial phrase is usually is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb: The windows are open, there are shops(M.); Then Kuzma Kuzmich, taking out a fresh cinder from his pocket, lit it and sat down next to Dasha(A.T.); A match was struck for a second illuminating the hanging nets(Ser.); Half a minute later the nightingale fired a high, small shot and, having tried yours in this way voice began to sing(Ch.); Grandfather smiled clearly, consciously, showing gums, and said something quietly(Cat.); He often loses words even in a simple conversation, and sometimes knowing the word can't understand its meaning(Here And has the meaning "even").

§ 20. Participial constructions.2

The participial phrase standing after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word is separated from it comma(such a phrase can be “torn off” from the conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence): Our father Chimsha-Himalayan was one of the cantonists, but, having served the rank of officer, left us hereditary nobility and a small name(Ch.); Life is arranged so devilishly that, unable to hate it is impossible to love sincerely(M.G.); It became audible how counting down the seconds with the precision of a metronome, water dripping from the tap(Paust.). The same after the connecting conjunction that begins the sentence (the conjunction comes after the period): But, Having fully considered his position in the role of Varenka’s husband, he laughed(M.G.); AND, coming up to me said…; But, remembering this, asked...

The exception is those cases when the participle phrase (or single participle) comes after the adversative conjunction A(the participial construction cannot be “torn off” from the conjunction, removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place without destroying the structure of the sentence): He began to bring books and tried to read them quietly, and after reading hid it somewhere(M.G.); An urgent decision needs to be made and having accepted it, be strictly implemented.

However, when contrasting the corresponding homogeneous members of the sentence connected by the union A, comma after it is placed: Don't stand still, eh, overcoming one difficulty after another, always strive forward; The element of the old quality does not disappear, but transforming in other conditions, continues to exist as an element of a new qualitative state; He didn't give any details, but speaking about his theory in general, stated only its essence.

§ 20. Participial constructions.3

An adverbial phrase at the beginning of which there are particles only, is not intonationally separated from the previous part of the sentence (when reading there is no pause before it), but comma it is usually preceded by: You can understand this work only taking into account the conditions of its creation; You can learn a foreign language just by constantly doing it.

But (with close merging of the phrase with the predicate): They met only when they were already adults.

§ 20. Participial constructions.4

Two participial phrases connected by a non-repeating conjunction And, commas are not separated, like other homogeneous members of the sentence in similar cases: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful along with the crowd, he felt happy pleasure...(Fed.).

But if the union And connects not two participial phrases, but other constructions (two predicates, two simple sentences as part of a complex sentence), then comma can come before or after the conjunction (in accordance with the desired rule): Makar sat on the logs, swaying slightly and continued his song(Cor.); I got down into the ditch and having driven away the furry bumblebee that had dug into the middle of the flower and had fallen asleep sweetly and sluggishly, started picking a flower(L.T.). Wed. sentences with participial construction in which a comma appears both before and after the conjunction: Levinson stood for a while, listening into the darkness, and smiling to himself, walked even faster(F.) - the first participial phrase refers to the preceding predicate stood, and the second - to the subsequent predicate walked; Hadji Murat stopped throwing down the reins, and, with the usual movement of his left hand, unfastening the rifle case, took it out with his right hand(L.T.); Alexander Vladimirovich silently squeezed forward, pushing his wife aside and going down two steps, looked down on the battlefield(Fed.).

If in similar cases two adverbial phrases standing next to each other are connected by a non-union connection, then the question of attributing each of them to the preceding or subsequent predicate is decided on the basis of the meaning, but no additional punctuation mark (for example, a dash) is placed between them: Then the tractor rumbled, muffling all sounds, tearing up the virgin snow, took a shortcut- the semantic connection is clear: participial phrase drowning out all sounds refers to the preceding predicate rattled, and turnover tearing up the virgin snow - to the subsequent predicate cut off.

§ 20. Participial constructions.5

Two single gerunds, acting as homogeneous adverbials, are separated: Fogs, swirling and writhing, crawled there along the wrinkles of neighboring rocks(L.); Ermolai, sniffing and waddling, ran away fifty miles a day(T.); Grumbling and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room(Ch.).

But: At that very moment the old woman... entered chorusing and dancing along(P.) - close connection with the predicate (see paragraph 4); My coachman is crying silently and slowly(T.) - the participle has turned into an adverb or has an adverbial meaning (cf. words such as lying, sitting, standing, slowly and so on.).

§ 20. Participial constructions.6

Single gerund is isolated, if it retains the meaning of verbality, acting as a secondary predicate, indicating the time of the action, its cause, condition, etc., but not the manner of action. In the latter case, it usually approaches in meaning an adverb or a combination of a noun with a preposition used in an adverbial meaning, and is not isolated; compare: The train was coming do not stop(“non-stop”); She talked about it smiling(“said with a smile”); When leaving, turn off the lights(not how you extinguish, but when you extinguish; about the role of the place of the gerund in a sentence, see below); He was sitting without moving(how did you sit? In what position?); The Cossacks dispersed without agreeing(Sh.) - possible questions: when did you separate? (after not agreeing) why did you separate? (because we didn’t agree) Why did you part ways? (although we didn’t agree) that is, there is either a circumstance of time, or a circumstance of reason, or a circumstance of concession, but not the circumstance of the manner of action (the questions “how they separated” and “how they separated” are clearly not suitable).

Examples of isolated single gerunds: The shepherd walked humming behind a flock of greedy and timid sheep(T.) (“walked and hummed”); An owl hooted nearby, and Laska, shuddering, started listening(L.T.) (“shuddered and began to listen”); Having rested, he was about to leave(Fed.) (“after I rested”); You'll waste time running(“if you run”); “Yes, I haven’t washed for a long time,” he said, undressing (Ch.); ...Grandfather, groaning, climbed into the cart(M.G.); Mother, perplexed, smiled(M.G.); Satisfied passengers fell silent, enjoyed the sunny day(Fed.); Beyond the line without rising, the sun was languishing(Sh.); The Cossacks looked at him with restraint, parting(Sh.); At this moment, from melancholy and pain, he usually woke up and lay for a long time, leaving(Gran.); He, smiling, squinted from the light(Pinch.); He corrected me laughing; Gasping for breath I jumped over ditches; Approaching asked Sergei; She ran around the room telling; Watching satisfy your curiosity; Rivaling they tried to outdo each other; Young woman, without hesitation, turned back; He answered cheerfully, clinking glasses; Wincing, he glanced sideways at his neighbor; Missing you they wandered about the streets; Then their steps died down, moving away; He said with a grin, intriguing; In the evening, falling asleep, he vaguely recalled the events of the day; Crawling up the mountain puffing, small train; Without bragging I’ll tell you about our trip; She turned away burst into tears; Telling he glanced sideways at those present; He thought on guard; Getting burned drank hot tea; The children crowded around curious; To the solemn chords of the anthem into the blue sky, trembling, the flag of our country flies; He slipped, fell and cursing, struggled to his feet; The student asked again, not understanding; Playing study; The enemy blew up these bridges, retreating; Not knowing, indeed one could believe it; On the way to, barking, the dog was running; Speaker, turning away, smiled; Conductor, returning, began to wave his hand; Answer, after thinking; He looked at everyone in surprise, waking up; He interrupted his story lighting a cigarette; Everything is in nature improving, changes; Leaving- y go(name of the movie); They're running, looking around, clouds.

Examples of non-isolated single circumstances: Those seeking manifestations of power turned inward and fading(Gonch.); Veretyev sat bending over and patted the grass with a branch(T.); Classes were supposed to last until two o'clock. without interruption(L.T.); He slept without undressing(L.T.); Cranes usually sleep standing(Ax.) - adverbial meaning; At home, Gromov always read lying down(Ch.) - adverbial meaning; He walked behind his wife's coffin stumbling(M.G.); She returned from there having lost weight(M.G.); Dmitry listened to him frowning(M.G.); He… not to mention threw money(M.G.); he said out of breath(M.G.); There, in the darkness, someone's eyes were looking without blinking(A.T.); Sergei pushed Vera aside, nodded to her and left whistling.(A.T.); At first I answered with a frown(Forsh); [Aksinya] entered the hall without knocking(Sh.); The girl ran into the room sobbing; Another simpleton he would think so in earnest; Sergei was sitting bending over and tied up his skates; The children were chatting without ceasing; He lived with his grief without hiding; He kept talking yawning; Her eyes moved from one picture to another comparing; He hid the money in his wallet not to mention; It was raining without stopping; The train has passed without delay; You can't pass them by not being happy; The partisans were walking crouching; The neighbor listened to me without objecting; We walked hugging along a forest road; The girl spoke gasping for breath; The driver shouted cursing; They listened Not understanding our conversations - phrase our conversations refers to the predicate listened; He signed the papers without reading; Let's move forward without looking back; He sat down on a chair without undressing and thought; The old man was walking staggering; Gone without saying goodbye; The apple falls when ripe; Passed without hiding; We discussed the question of who chuckling, who is serious; The path went wriggling; He ran into the yard screaming; No one is given the right to live not working; The girl was telling sobbing; Gone looking down; Without stopping the same cry disturbed the ears; Passed by without turning around; Everyone listened not breathing; Slowly he walked around the room; Without hesitation she rejected; Shouldn't do without thinking; Follow without reasoning; People stood petrified; He spoke making excuses; The mountain road was going looping; Sits by the table saddened; I took the book not looking; I walked thinking; Sat leaning on his elbows; The wave rolled off, ringing; Messages from the front could not be read without worrying; Everyone stood there for about five minutes without moving; The young man rushed to help without hesitation; The sniper shot without aiming.

§ 20. Participial constructions.7

Separation or the non-isolation of a single gerund may depend on the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb: the same word can be isolated at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, but not at the end. Wed:

He said stuttering. - He added, stuttering a few words from myself;

They walked slowly. - On the way to, slowly, they picked mushrooms and berries;

She woke up her son smiling. - Smiling, she woke up her son;

Had dinner leisurely(Mark.). - Through the yard leisurely, a squat, short-legged, round-headed man walked(Mark.).

§ 20. Participial constructions.8

The isolation of a single gerundial participle can be influenced by its type: more often gerundial participles of the imperfect form are not isolated (on -and I), since they usually express the circumstance of the manner of action, while the perfect participles (on -v, -shi) there are other shades of meaning (time, reason, conditions, concessions), which often leads to their isolation. Wed: listened without interrupting; I started looking closely without recognizing; Took breaks getting tired; Having refused, he will miss this last opportunity; Obomlev, she stood motionless in the doorway; Without calling came to my house; Indignant, he refused to answer; Tired they made stops along the way.

§ 20. Participial constructions.9

Separation or the non-isolation of a single gerund may be associated with the lexical meaning of the predicate verb: the same gerund is isolated with some verbs, but not with others. Wed:

I asked do not stop(the gerund does not indicate the “way of asking”; it denotes other actions simultaneous with the movement). - Walked do not stop(“non-stop”);

Lost in thoughts smiling(“thought and smiled”). - Said smiling(“spoke with a smile”).

§ 20. Participial constructions.10

A single gerund with the meaning of a manner of action, standing at the end of a sentence, is isolated, if clarification matters. Wed:

He was walking without looking back("carelessly"). - He walked hastily without looking back;

The machine gun chirped without stopping(“incessantly”) - The machine gun chirped continuously, without stopping.

§ 20. Participial constructions.11

If a single gerund is located between two predicate verbs and in meaning can be attributed to any of them as a circumstance of the manner of action, it is not separated by a comma from the predicate to which the writer refers it: He squatted down groaning reached into the bottom drawer of the table; The girl ran out into the garden, crying rushed to her mother.

Circumstances expressed by nouns

§ 20. Circumstances expressed by nouns.1

For semantic highlighting or for incidental explanation, they can separate circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases (usually with prepositions), especially if these nouns have explanatory words: As the enemy approaches Moscow, Muscovites’ view of their situation not only has not become more serious, but, on the contrary, has become even more frivolous(L.T.) - the semantic load of the isolated phrase at the beginning of the sentence is enhanced due to the fact that the concessive meaning is added to the temporary meaning (the look of Muscovites became more frivolous not only when the enemy was approaching Moscow, but also despite the fact that he was approaching) ; Peter, after he received a decisive refusal, went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, cried bitterly(L.T.) - two meanings of a separate phrase are combined - temporary and causal (he left and cried bitterly not only after he received a refusal, but also because he received it).

Examples of special circumstances: Good Commandant, sir consent of your wife, decided to release Shvabrin(P.); Apparently, the Chichikovs, too, for a few minutes in life, turn into poets(G.); Grandfather stopped and, with with the help of Mazan, picked a large bunch of large berries(Ax.); To her, from a nearby village, two already decrepit old men often come - a husband and wife(T.); All of a sudden, somewhere in the distance there was a drawn-out... sound(T.); Roof, from the weight of the straw that once crushed her, took a completely different direction(Grig.); And then he met her in the city garden and in the square, several times a day(Ch.) - with a hint of accession; In the morning he woke up early, with headache, awakened by noise(Ch.); I fell behind a little, then, with using a whip and legs, got his horse up to speed(L.T.); The game stopped; We all, heads together crouched to the ground to watch this rarity(L.T.); And silence, from time, became increasingly ominous(M.G.); At that time they began to build a bridge there, and, in aspirations to earn some money for the trip, I went to the construction site(M.G.); A Gvozdev, in intoxication with oneself, continued...(M.G.); One evening, having picked porcini mushrooms, we on the way home, went to the edge of the forest(M.G.); We have already planted the last loaves of bread in the stump and, for fear of overexposing them, didn't go to bed(M.G.); They With Exhibitions, went to Crimea(M.G.); At the table... stood the publisher... and, with a thin smile on a white, well-fed face, watched the editor with bright eyes(M.G.); She will go there on the first of December, I... for the sake of decency, at least a week later(Boon.); All six, in waiting for horses, sit closely on the bunks closest to the exit(Cupr.); I walked once student, on the street(Ver.) - that is, when he was a student; Me, too, with a knot on my back, trotted after her(Ch.); After keeping Ragozin in prison for a year, he was sent - for participating in street riots - three years in exile(Fed.) - placing dashes instead of commas is optional; It was in this moment, some resemblance to Philip(Fed.); Vladimirka had a sad reputation: along this road, under the shackled ringing, drove away the exiles(L.N.); In early spring, out of ignorance, locals hardly fish(Sol.); Since then, first in amateur clubs, and then on the stage, he performed quite often; She's out loud across the room reported some details; For many years, first as a laboratory assistant, and later as an assistant professor, he worked at this department; And right there, from an excess of feelings, offered him his help; He went to the address that, through my son the old master gave it to him; Teachers singled out a capable student to the envy of others; He said, by the hour, a full ten minutes; This story is based to some extent, on a real incident; The task is simple and the same time, interesting. Isolated circumstances of this kind can be expressed by other inflected parts of speech: We all, together with you, let's get involved in this work; To the audience in sequence, students entered to take the exam; Inform those present and Through them, the rest of the team members have a new work schedule. Wed. Also: Here too serve new art, talented youth reached out.

§ 20. Circumstances expressed by nouns.2

Most often, such constructions are formed by nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations (thanks to, in view of, depending on, in order to avoid, contrary to, in contrast, in contrast to, in connection with, due to, as a result of, in case of, for lack of, for lack of, despite, similarly, for the reason, on occasion, with, if available, subject to, in accordance with and etc.): Savelich, in agreement with the coachman's opinion, advised me to go back(P.); I stood on the corner of the platform, firmly resting my left foot on the stone and leaning forward a little so that, in in case of a minor wound, don't tip over(L.); His life with all the hardship of his situation, was easier, more harmonious than Anatole’s life(Hertz.); As a result of this incident, Vasily no longer saw his parent(T.); Children, due to his youth, no positions have been identified(T.); Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like his elder brother Pavel(T.); Thanks to the excellent weather and especially the holiday, the street of the village of Maryinsky came alive again(Grig.); Styopochka, due to the lack of dancing, I missed you very much too(Writing); Raisa Pavlovna, even in view of such critical circumstances, does absolutely nothing(M.-S.); In contrast to his wife, the doctor was one of those natures who, during times of mental pain, feel the need to move(Ch.); Every summer dawn Gerasim, despite being blind, went to the fields to catch quails(Boon.); The owner gnashed his teeth, and I, in the strength of this, had to work for two(M.G.); We only went during the day to avoid any road accidents(Priv.); Nikitin taught the boy carpentry and, in the absence of an interlocutor, spent hours talking to him about antique furniture(Paust.); Davydov decided... to believe whether the brigade, contrary to his instructions, harrows along the furrow(Sh.).

In the above examples, the possibility of isolation depends on the degree of prevalence of the phrase, its proximity to the main part of the sentence, the presence of additional shades of meaning, place in relation to the predicate, stylistic task, etc., therefore separation optional.

Usually, is isolated turnover with prepositional combination despite. However, with a close semantic connection with the dominant word after which it is located, this phrase is not isolated: The administrator on duty appeared, called despite the late hour; He did it despite the mother's prohibition.

The significance of the semantic proximity of the circumstance, expressed by a noun in the form of an indirect case with a preposition, to the rest of the sentence, when isolated or not isolated, can be seen from the following comparisons:

Rivermen were amazed that the flounder's eye could move depending on which side she usually lies on(Chuck.) - turn with words depending is closely related in meaning to the predicate, can be moved and is not isolated. - The lunch break time is set either from an hour to two, or from two to three, at depending on the nature of the enterprise - with a hint of accession;

I am not able to refuse a person based on assumptions alone(Ch.). - P therefore, based on the derived formula, previous calculations should be revised;

Contrary to custom Even at the tavern there was no noticeable revival(Tel.). - She, contrary to the demands of fashion, wore short dresses;

Unlike my brother he has little interest in sports. - The skin of the butterfly cap, in unlike the skin of many other edible mushrooms, easy to separate.

The role of the place occupied by a circumstance of this type can be shown in the following comparisons:

Blizzard, on the advice of the shepherdess, continued to walk along the unmown meadow(F.). - The patient remained on a diet on the advice of a doctor;

Radio play, at the request of listeners, was re-broadcast. - The play was staged a second time at the request of the audience;

workers, according to the master's instructions, headed to the next workshop. - The workers went to the neighboring workshop as directed by the master.

The difference is explained by the fact that at the end of the sentence the words stand out more logically, and this makes them more difficult to “tear off” from the rest of the sentence.

Circumstances expressed by adverbs

They can separate circumstances expressed by adverbs (single or in combination with dependent words), for the purpose of semantic highlighting or incidental explanation: He silently bowed again(L.); ...A moment later, out into the yard, unknown from where a man ran out(T.); A quarter of an hour before sunset, in spring, you enter the grove (T.); Music, still flew to us(T.); Awakened rooks, silently and alone flew over the ground(Ch.); Me, as if by accident, doused with water(Ch.); Passing along Theater Lane, I almost always, I saw a man at the door of a small shop(M.G.); Misha lowered the book and not right away, answered quietly...(M.G.); But youth is stubborn and in my own way, smart(M.G.); ...Nadezhda sat on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly(M.G.) - with a hint of accession; The next day in the evening, trot, Alexey came running(M.G.); And so, unexpected for everyone I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.); She, barely audible walked around the room again(Cupr.); Here, to spite them all Tomorrow morning I'll start reading books(Cupr.); Around them - prone - Ivan Gora was lying(A.T.) - placing dashes instead of commas is optional; On a steamship -front - machine guns(A.T.); Sometimes he made some request, timidly, shyly(Cat.) - with a hint of accession.

A phraseological turn can serve the same function: Once at a crossroads out of nowhere black Dog(Ch.); …Then, without hesitation, took hold of its bracket and... stayed behind that door for a long, long time(Boon.).

§ 21. Separate additions

§ 21.1

Depending on the semantic load, the degree of distribution of the phrase, proximity to the main part of the sentence, etc., nouns with prepositions (or prepositional combinations) can be separated. except, instead of, apart from, over, except for, along with s, etc. (conventionally called additions) with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, i.e., restrictive or expansive meaning. The optionality of their isolation is evident from the following comparisons:

At the outpost instead of a sentry there was a collapsed booth(P.). - IN a place of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(P.); He wanted to speak again, but instead of words some kind of dull bubbling sound came from his chest(Grieg.). - With quick steps I walked through the long “square” of bushes, climbed the hill and, instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different places unknown to me(T.);

And Mikhail Sinitsky became a Red Army guard, a participant in all the glorious deeds of his magnificent battalion, bearing along with everyone else hardships of battle(Floor.). - Mr Hopkins, along with other people in gray helmets, stood motionless(Cor.);

No matter how much a person strives besides school, to acquire knowledge on his own, he will still be, as they say, self-taught. - Many of the fighters besides his rifle, were armed with captured machine guns(Floor.);

You will receive everything you need above pension(T.). - Grandfather ordered over a month give the poultry house half a pound of wheat flour every month for pies(Ax.).

Examples of stand-alone additions: The crowd dispersed except for a few curious people and boys(T.); Beyond all expectation grandma gave me several books(Ax.); Everyone took part in the general conversation, except Kitty and Levin (L.T.); Here, in addition to a small table with a mirror, a stool and rags, hung in the corners, there was no other furniture and, instead of a lamp, a bright fan-shaped light was burning(Ch.); For lack of space in the outbuilding, I was given a room in the count's mansion(Ch.); I really liked the story except for some details(M.G.); Crew's mood beyond the usual was elated(N.-P.); All, with the exception of Varya, the singers applauded loudly(Step.); Four guns alternately sent shells there, but, beyond Grigoriev's expectations, the gunfire did not cause any noticeable confusion in the ranks...(Sh.)

§ 21.2

Pretext except has two meanings:

1) “except for someone or something”, “not counting someone or something”: Except for the seagulls, there was no one at sea(M.G.);

2) “above someone or something”, “in addition to someone or something”: Except the old man two more came to us that day(Ch.). In both meanings the turnover is with a preposition except usually stands apart:

1) (exception) In addition to the big smoke in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded me of the night fight(Leon.); House, except this room, stood boarded up(A.T.); Everyone smiled except for the lieutenant(Kaz.); He expected anything Besides;

2) (inclusion) In addition to dishes and gravy boats, there were many pots on the table(G.); Now we heard except for rooks, human voices(A.T.); Except for the wild beast There are also different kinds of birds in these places.

However, in the press there are also non-isolated phrases with the preposition except with enable value: Besides salary they also receive bonuses; In addition to drawings more drawings were attached; Except the owners there were guests in the room; Except your chemistry There are other sciences too.

Variability of punctuation allows, in some cases, to clarify the text; compare: Others were also invited except you(meaning of exception: “others were invited, but you were not invited”). - P invited others too except you(meaning of inclusion: “you were invited along with others”).

Sometimes the volume of isolated turnover with a preposition except with the meaning of inclusion changes depending on the meaning introduced into the sentence. Wed: In addition to recordings of live dialect speech, locally there are other sources of replenishing our knowledge about the vocabulary wealth of folk dialects(i.e. recordings of live dialect speech are an additional source to those already available in the field). - In addition to recordings of live dialect speech in the field, there are other sources of replenishing our knowledge about the vocabulary wealth of folk dialects(i.e., field records are a complementary source to other available sources).

Usually, is isolated turnover from except with negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what: I couldn’t distinguish anything, except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (P.); While hunting, Uncle Eroshka ate one piece of bread for a day and drank nothing but water (L.T.); Nobody, except the sun and blue sky, doesn't look at him(M.G.); Who, except ourselves, should care about nature conservation?; What, besides condemnation, may cause disrespect for society?

Separate themselves revolutions with combinations other than that, no joke And Besides(in the meaning of the introductory word): We are evil to no one, except for bears, we don't(Mark.); Jokes aside, do you really like such books?(Adv.); Mechik finally convinced himself that Baklanov was much better and smarter than him, that Baklanov, Besides, very brave and strong person(F.). Turnover Besides is also separated after the union: And besides…; But besides that...; If, in addition...; Although, besides that... etc.

§ 21.3

Turnover with preposition instead of used and is isolated in two cases:

1) as an addition depending on the predicate verb: Instead of a cheerful life in St. Petersburg, boredom awaited me in the deaf and distant side(P.) - the turnover is connected with the predicate, since both “could have been waiting for me”; separation is optional;

2) as a special construction not controlled by a predicate verb: Instead of answering Kirila Petrovich received a letter(P.) - the phrase is not syntactically related to the predicate, since a phrase is not formed submit a response; Instead of answering some request, Zurin wheezed and whistled(P.) - the same: word answer lexically does not combine with words wheezed and whistled; separation Necessarily.

Wed. Also: Besides my work, I now also work at the Radio Committee(Paul.).

But if the excuse instead of has the meaning “for”, “in exchange”, then the turnover with it is not isolated: Instead of a bay stallion Korzh was given a thick white gelding(Dick.); Instead of a fur coat put on his coat; Went to the meeting instead of the manager.

Definition

DEFINITION -I; Wed

1. to Determine - to determine (except for 1 sign) and To determine - to be determined. About the time. O. radiation levels. O. concepts. O. penalties. O. for a vacant position.

2. Formulation that reveals the content, essence, main features of something. Logical o. Precise, correct, brief, cumbersome. Give o. something

3. Specialist. A court decision of the first instance on smb. issue related to the consideration of a criminal or civil case (excluding a verdict). O. court. Private, special o.(court decision drawing the attention of relevant organizations or officials to circumstances conducive to the offense).

4. Linguistic A minor member of a sentence denoting a quality, property or other attribute of an object. O. answers the questions: which one? whose? which? Agreed about.(expressed as an adjective; for example: a big tree, a new house). Uncoordinated o.(expressed by the indirect case of a noun, adverb, comparative degree, infinitive; for example: a letter from a son, the road home, a soft-boiled egg, a desire to see each other).

I
(definition), 1) establishing the meaning of an unfamiliar term (word) using terms (words) that are familiar and already meaningful (nominal definition) or by including familiar words in the context (contextual definition), or explicitly formulating equality (explicit, or normal, definition ), the left side of which includes the term being defined, and the right side contains a defining expression containing only familiar terms. 2) Clarification of the subject of consideration, its unambiguous characteristics (real definition). 3) Introduction to consideration of a new subject (concept) by indicating how this subject can be constructed (obtained) from data objects and already known ones. In the latter case, the definition takes the form of a system of defining relations (schemes, equalities) or “transition steps” (steps of induction) from the clearly defined and known to the unknown unknown (recursive and inductive definition).
II
in linguistics, a member of a sentence, grammatically subordinate to the name and indicating a sign (property, quality, belonging) of an object, phenomenon, etc. (for example, hot weather).

encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .

See what “definition” is in other dictionaries:

Definition (lat. defenitio limitation) is a logical operation that reveals the content of a concept. For example, the usual definition of a thermometer indicates that it is, firstly, a device and, secondly, precisely the one with which temperature is measured. Importance... Philosophical Encyclopedia

DEFINITION, definition (from the Latin “definitio” - “limit”, “border”) - a logical procedure for giving a strictly fixed meaning to the terms of a language. Because the meanings of terms depend on their meanings, then every time, giving through a definition any... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

DEFINITION, definitions, cf. 1. Action under Ch. define in all meanings except 5. Precise definition of responsibilities. Determining the signs of cholera. Definition of plants. Determination of angles. Definition of punishment. Determination for service. 2.… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Definition: Definition (logic), or definition, is the logical operation of establishing the meaning of a term. Definition (mathematics) the introduction of a new concept or object into mathematical reasoning by combining or clarifying elementary or previously ... ... Wikipedia

- (definition) ..1) establishing the meaning of an unfamiliar term (word) using terms (words) that are familiar and already meaningful (nominal definition) or by including familiar words in the context (contextual definition), or explicit formulation... ...

- (definition) 1) establishing the meaning of an unfamiliar term (word) using terms (words) that are familiar and already meaningful (nominal definition) or by including familiar words in the context (contextual definition), or explicit formulation... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Cm … Synonym dictionary

Definition- see the court ruling... Encyclopedia of Law

- (court) 1) a decision of a court or arbitration court of first instance or a judge that does not resolve the case on the merits. O. are decided in the deliberation room. When resolving simple issues, the court or judge may issue an O. after an on-site meeting... Legal Dictionary

In linguistics, a member of a sentence, grammatically subordinate to the name and indicating a sign (property, quality, belonging) of an object, phenomenon, etc. (for example, hot weather) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

God is the expression of His eternal will, in which His wisdom, holiness and love are expressed. Believers see God's fulfillment in the fact that He attracts them to Christ and makes them blessed. in him. Being completely free and independent, God can... ... Brockhaus Biblical Encyclopedia

Books

• Defining Gemstones, B. Anderson. 1983 edition. The condition is good. A practical guide to the diagnosis of precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones, containing a description of methods for distinguishing them from numerous...

1. Definition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which means attribute of an object and answers the questions which? whose?

For example: stone(Which?) house; house(Which?) made of stone; checkered(which?) dress; dress(which?) in a cage; mom's(whose?) sweater; sweater(whose?) moms.

2. The definition always refers to a noun, a noun pronoun, or another word that appears in the meaning of a noun.

Note!

If you have any questions Which? whose? are asked from a verb, then the word answering this question is the nominal part of the predicate.

I left(Which?) upset; He was sitting(Which?) tired.

3. According to the method of expression, definitions are divided into two types:

• agreed definitions;
• inconsistent definitions.

Agreed Definitions agree with the main (defined) word in gender, number and case.

Wed: motherland; native land; in their native lands.

In direct word order, the agreed definitions come before the main word.

Ways to Express an Agreed Definition

Inconsistent definitions associated with the main word using:

management- the addition is placed with the main word in a certain case.

Wed: house made of stone; in a house made of stone;

adjacencies- an object is an unchangeable part of speech or an unchangeable form.

Wed: soft-boiled egg ; hat on one side; her dress.

Inconsistent definitions with direct word order appear after the main word. The exception is the possessive pronouns his, her, them, which occupy a position before the main word.

Ways to express inconsistent definitions

4. Since inconsistent definitions can be expressed by different parts of speech, to which appropriate morphological questions can be asked (cf.: furniture(which one?/from what?) from birch; pursuit(which one? / what to do?) see; turn(which one? / where?) left), then sometimes it is quite difficult to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions, circumstances.

Ways to distinguish inconsistent definitions and additions, circumstances

1) Many (but not all!) inconsistent definitions can be replaced by consistent definitions.

Wed: mom's jacket - mom's jacket; checkered dress - checkered dress; crystal vase - crystal vase; commander's order - commander's order; three-year-old girl - three-year-old girl; friendship relations - friendly relations; court decision - a court decision; boat with a sail - sailing boat.

Note. Please note that it is not always possible to replace inconsistent definitions with consistent definitions ( jar of cream, pleated skirt, desire to know, turn left). Therefore, the absence of a replacement does not yet indicate that this form is not a definition.

2) The definition indicates the attribute, while the complement indicates the object.

For example:
The man was walking with a suitcase.
I stood in line behind a man with a suitcase.

In the first sentence ( A man was walking with a suitcase) the object with a suitcase refers to a predicate verb (the definition cannot refer to a verb!) and indicates the object of the action of the subject. In the second sentence ( I stood in line behind a man with a suitcase) same shape with a suitcase is a definition, since “suitcase” is not an object, but a sign by which a given man can be distinguished from another man.

The same can be demonstrated with examples: lady in a hat; a man of great intelligence; polka dot blouse. The presence of a “hat” is a distinctive feature of a lady; the presence of a “great mind” is a distinctive feature of a person; the presence of “polka dots” on a blouse is a distinctive feature of the blouse.

3) If in a sentence a noun with a preposition or an adverb refers to a verb and is a circumstance, then with a noun they usually become an inconsistent definition, indicating a feature of an object by position in space, time, purpose, reason, etc.

Wed: The bench is standing(Where?) at the house. - On the bench(Which?) Three girlfriends were sitting near the house; We entered(Where?) to the hall. - Entrance(Which?) the hall was closed.

4) The most common forms and meanings of inconsistent definitions are the following:

Note!

Some forms that are similar in meaning:

1) The genitive case form of a verbal noun is a determiner if it indicates the subject of the action, and a complement if it indicates the object of the action.

Discovery of Columbus; discovery of America - Columbus discovered America.

The distinction between inconsistent definitions and other minor members is important not only for the syntactic parsing of sentences, but also for the placement of punctuation marks in a sentence (!).

Definition parsing plan

1. Indicate the type of definition (agreed - inconsistent).
2. Indicate what morphological form the definition is expressed in.

Sample parsing

I remember my grandmother’s childhood joy at the sight of Nizhny Novgorod(M. Gorky).

Children's (joy) - an agreed definition expressed by an adjective. (Joy) grandmothers- an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

Definition- a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of a person or object and answering the question what? whose?.

According to the nature of the connection with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed upon And inconsistent .

Agreed Definitions are likened to the defined word in the forms of number, case, and in the singular - and gender, i.e. they are associated with it by agreement. The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjective: I'll wear a white shirt.
2) pronominal adjective (except his, her, them): Give me your hand.
3) ordinal numbers: Bring the fifth volume.
4) participle: Lies on the table unopened letter.

For these parts of speech, agreement is carried out in number, case, gender (singular):

5) noun; agreement in case and number (if the appendix noun changes in numbers): The siskin was slammed shut by the villain's trap (I. A. Krylov).

Inconsistent definitions are associated with the control or adjacency defined by the word and are expressed:

1) a noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition (including inconsistent application): I love Chekhov's plays. She was wearing a checkered skirt. We subscribe to the magazine “Behind the wheel”.
2) a noun in the nominative case - an inconsistent application: I visited Lake Baikal.
3) possessive pronoun his, her, their: This is his home. You can't see him at home.
4) unchangeable adjectives: The net weight of this box is five kilograms.
5) adverb: We were served soft-boiled eggs and Warsaw-style coffee.
6) with a verb in the infinitive form: He had a great desire to learn.

Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by a phrase that is:

1) phraseologically free phrase: He has sons aged eight and fifteen.
2) phraseological unit: Neither fish nor fowl, he nevertheless was somehow attractive to me.