Presentation of literary language and its varieties. Presentation on the discipline “Russian language and culture of speech” on the topic: “Language and speech. The concept of literary language. Stylistic variation of the alphabet

The most amazing and wise thing that created
humanity is a language.
Literary language is the main means
communication between people of the same
nationality.

Answer: Grace

ANSWER: 2

Informational resources:

Literary (linguistic) norm– this is the use of linguistic units that is accepted among the most cultural, educated part of a given linguistic community; these are the rules for the use of words, grammatical norms, and pronunciation rules in force during a given period of development of the literary language.

The norms of literary language cover both oral and written speech; pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar, spelling.

Types of norms:

Orthoepic

Lexical

Grammar

Syntactic

Punctuation Lecture on the topic:

“Language and speech.
Basic units of language. The concept of literary language."

Goals and objectives of the lesson:
- familiarize students with the concepts of “language” and “speech”;
- reveal the essence of the relationship between language and speech;
- continue familiarization with the basic language units;
- define the concept of “literary norm”.

“Of all living creatures, only man is gifted with speech.”
Aristotle

The idea of ​​separating language and speech belongs to scientists XVIII century.

Language is a set of means of communication between people through the exchange of thoughts and the rules for using these means; language finds its manifestation in speech.

Speech is the use of existing linguistic means and rules in the very linguistic communication of people; speech can be defined as the functioning of language.

Correlation of language and speech

LANGUAGE

SPEECH

· Language is a means of communication.

· Speech is the embodiment and realization of language.

· The language is abstract and formal.

· Speech is material, consisting of articulated sounds perceived by the ear.

· Language is stable, static.

· Speech is active and dynamic, characterized by high variability.

· Language is a virtue of society; it reflects the “picture of the world” of the speaking people.

· Speech is individual, it reflects only the experience of an individual

· Has a linear organization, representing a sequence of words connected in a flow

· Language is independent of the situation and setting of communication.

· Speech is specific and situationally determined.

The concepts of language and speech are related as general and specific:

the general (language) is expressed in the particular (speech), while the particular (speech) is a form of embodiment and realization of the general (language).

DO NOT use:Must speak:

Do you want you want

My last name my last name

They ran they ran

They scatter a lot, they scatter a lot

Drive faster, drive faster

Drives a car drives a car

Burning coal Burning coal

Language is the object of special scientific research.
Linguistics (or linguistics) is the science of language, which argues that language is an ordered system, and not a jumble of words, sounds, and rules.
Basic units of language:
phonememorphemaword
phrasesentencetext

Exercise:
Name the main branches of the science of language.

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Slide captions:

The concept of literary language Russian language lesson in 5th grade Teacher Olkhovatskaya N.P.

The literary language takes its origins from ancient Russian literature. But the 19th century was the time of the final formation of the Russian literary language. A huge credit for this belongs to A.S. Pushkin. His work is the result of a search for what a literary language should be.

“Literary language is the language of official business documents, school teaching, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form...”

The science of language is called linguistics (linguistics, linguistics) Language Knowledge of language Study of linguistics

Sections of the language Phonetics Speech sounds Morphemics Word composition Lexicon Vocabulary composition of the language Grammar Morphology Word as part of speech Syntax Phrase and sentence orthoepy spelling punctuation stylistics

Vocabulary work Linguistics, linguistics, linguistics, phonetics, morphemics, vocabulary, grammar, morphology, syntax.

in the north they “coat” in the north - beets, in the north - rooster. The Russian literary language is common to all. - in the south “akayut” - in the south - burAk - in the south - kOchet beets rooster

Literary language is an exemplary language, the norms of which are mandatory for every speaker of Russian.

Literary language norms Pronunciation, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, spelling norms

Speech culture is part of a person’s general culture. What signs of speech culture do you know? Correctness, precision, purity, expressiveness, logic, appropriateness, richness.

And we have no other property! Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, Our priceless gift - speech. I. Bunin

Write down the sentences, opening the brackets and choosing words from the literary language. (Lozg, ravine) was deep. (Chki, ice floes) floated slowly. (Stodol, barn) stood on a spacious (base, yard).

Pronounce the words in accordance with the pronunciation norm: red, what, what, hello, means, model, understood. Make up sentences with these words.

Read the text by A.N. Tolstoy. Why can we call it exemplary? Write down the text. The Russian people created the Russian language, bright as a rainbow after a spring shower, accurate as arrows, melodious and rich, sincere, like a song over a cradle... What is the Motherland? - this is the whole people. This is his culture, his language.

Let's repeat! What is literary language? What norms of literary language do you know? Why do you need to follow these standards? What is speech culture? Can everyone call themselves cultured? Why?

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Phraseology of the Russian language. Phraseological norms of the Russian literary language

This material is a textbook on the topic "Phraseology of the Russian language. Phraseological norms of the Russian literary language" for secondary specialized educational institutions. Maybe use...

The meaning and role of the Church Slavonic language in the development of the Russian literary language

It is very correct that the Church Slavonic language is taught in Orthodox-oriented schools. This is our history, and without history a people is dead....

Slide 1

Slide 2

The literary language takes its origins from ancient Russian literature. But the 19th century was the time of the final formation of the Russian literary language. A huge credit for this belongs to A.S. Pushkin. His work is the result of a search for what a literary language should be.

Slide 3

“Literary language is the language of official business documents, school teaching, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form...”

Slide 4

Language sections
Phonetics Phonetics Speech sounds
Morphemics Morphemics Word composition
Vocabulary Vocabulary The vocabulary of the language
Grammar Morphology Word as part of speech
Grammar Syntax Collocation and clause
orthoepy
spelling
punctuation
stylistics

Slide 5

Literary language is an exemplary language, the norms of which are mandatory for every speaker of Russian.

Slide 6

Standards of literary language
Pronunciation, morphological, syntactic, stylistic, spelling norms

Slide 7

The function of language is the manifestation of its essence, without which language cannot be considered a language. The most important function of language is communicative. It serves as a means of communication and allows one to express thoughts. Another function is cognitive. A means of consciousness that promotes the activity of consciousness and reflects its results is involved in the formation of thought. The accumulative function of language is that language helps to store and transmit information. The emotional function expresses feelings and emotions. The influence function and the generalization function are also distinguished. The ability of language to generalize allows complex ideas and understandings to be conveyed to each other.

Slide 8

In the scientific linguistic literature, the main features of a literary language are identified: 1) processing; 2) sustainability; 3) mandatory (for all native speakers); 4) normalization; 5) the presence of functional styles.

Slide 9

The main requirements that a literary language must meet are its unity and general intelligibility. The modern Russian literary language is multifunctional and is used in various spheres of human activity. The main ones are: politics, science, culture, verbal art, education, everyday communication, interethnic communication, print, radio, television.

Slide 2

Literary language

As the highest form of existence of language Vs. Language of fiction

Slide 3

serves the highest spheres of human activity: politics, legislation, science, culture, education, international communication, office work, everyday communication.

Slide 4

TYPES OF LITERARY LANGUAGES (M.M. Gukhman)

I. In terms of coverage of spheres of communication: A. Literary languages ​​with maximum polyvalence (modern Russian, French, English, Armenian, Georgian, etc.). B. Literary languages ​​with functional limitations: a) Written languages ​​only (many medieval languages ​​of the West and East, for example, Wenyang in China, Grabar in Armenia, Sinhalese in Ceylon, etc.); here, in turn, the following are distinguished: 1) written literary languages, appearing with all sorts of functional and stylistic diversity and being the only means of written communication (Chinese and Japanese medieval languages, classical Arabic, ancient Georgian, etc.); 2) written literary languages ​​that had a competitor in a foreign literary language (Western European medieval literary languages, Old Russian literary language, Hindi). b) Literary languages ​​that appear only in oral form (Greek literary language of the Homeric era). c) Literary languages ​​that have a written and oral form, but are excluded from certain areas of communication (Indonesian languages ​​other than Indonesian, Indian languages ​​other than Hindi, Luxembourgish literary language).

Slide 5

II. By the nature of unity and the level of normalization processes: A. Languages ​​that have a single standard (modern national languages ​​such as Russian, English, French, Georgian, Azerbaijani, etc.). B. Languages ​​that have standardized variants such as the modern Armenian literary language. B. Languages ​​with numerous non-standardized territorial variants (many literary languages ​​of the pre-national era). D. Literary languages ​​that, in addition to the main standard, have a more or less standardized version as the literary language of another nation (English, German, French). III. By the degree of isolation from everyday colloquial forms: A. Languages ​​that have a literary colloquial style, to which are associated different types of everyday colloquial speech, including colloquial and slang formations (many modern national literary languages). B. Written and literary languages ​​that turned out to be isolated from everyday spoken forms, like Sinhalese. B. Literary languages ​​that have both written and oral forms, but exclude everyday colloquial styles from their norm, like the French literary language of the 16th - 17th centuries. D. Literary languages ​​that maintain connections with regional forms of spoken language (Armenian, Italian, German, medieval literary languages).

Slide 6

Different understandings of FL

B.V. Tomashevsky and A.V. Isachenko: literary language, in its modern understanding, takes shape only in the era of the existence of established nations. B.V. Tomashevsky wrote in this regard: “Literary language in its modern sense presupposes the presence of a national language, that is, its historical prerequisite is the presence of a nation, in any case, this term has a special and fairly definite meaning within the national language.” A. V. Isachenko: the mandatory features of any literary language are: 1) polyvalence, which means serving all spheres of national life, 2) normalization, 3) universally binding for all members of the team and, in connection with this, the inadmissibility of dialect variants, 4) stylistic differentiation , Isachenko believes that since these features are inherent only in national languages, a literary language cannot exist in the pre-national period. Therefore, all “types of graphically imprinted speech” of the pre-national period are called written languages ​​by him. The language of the greatest writers and poets of the Renaissance in Italy (Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio), the Reformation era in Germany (M. Luther, T. Murner, Ulrich von Hutten, Hans Sachs), and the language of classical literature in Rome and Greece actually fall under this heading , China and Japan, in Persia and Arab countries.

Slide 7

To a certain extent, the point of view of B.V. Tomashevsky and A.V. Isachenko is also shared by those linguists who identify the literary language and the language standard, which leads to a narrowing of the concept of “literary language” and assigns this term to only one of the historical types of literary language. There is also a tendency to identify literary language and written language. So, for example, A.I. Efimov, in his works on the history of the Russian literary language, classified any written recording as a sample of the literary language, including private letters of the 12th century, which did not represent a processed form of the language. The concept of “processed form of language” is by no means identical, as noted above, to the concept of “language of fiction”. The distinctive feature “processed form of language” presupposes the presence of a certain selection and a certain regulation, carried out, however, on the basis of different criteria; these include genre-stylistic criteria, social-stylistic selection, as well as the rejection of narrow dialectal phenomena and a general tendency towards a supra-dialectal language type. A similar characteristic is applicable to the language of fiction (both to the individual creativity of wordsmiths and to ancient epic poetry), to business and religious prose, to journalism and the language of science, to various types of oral speeches. One can hardly agree with V.V. Vinogradov, who objected to considering the language of oral poetry as an oral variety of literary language. The language that was recorded in the ancient epic poetry of various peoples was a high example of a processed language with strict lexical selection and a kind of regulation (cf. the poems of Homer, the songs of the Edda, the Central Asian epic, etc.). Oral poetry was also the work of minstrels, shpilmans and minesingers, who were carriers of literary languages ​​and had a significant influence on their development.

Slide 8

General patterns of development of literary languages ​​of peoples

The era of feudalism: the use of someone else’s language rather than one’s own as a written literary language. In this era, the boundaries of the literary language and nationality do not coincide. Thus, classical Arabic was considered the literary language of the Iranian and Turkic peoples for a long time; among the Japanese and Koreans - classical Chinese; among the Germanic and West Slavic peoples - Latin; among the southern and eastern Slavs - the language is Old Church Slavonic (Old Bulgarian), in the Baltic states and the Czech Republic - German. Differences associated with the historical uniqueness of the use in individual countries (for example, Slavic) of a foreign language (for example, in relation to Western Slavic peoples: for Polish - Latin, for Czech - Latin and German, for South Slavic and East Slavic peoples - Old Slavic language, even if related ), and differences in social functions, spheres of application and degree of nationality of written literary languages.

Slide 9

Pre-national and national eras: the nature of the relationship and correlation between the literary language and colloquial dialects, and in connection with this - the structure and degree of normalization of the literary language. Thus, written speech in ancient eras among European peoples was saturated with dialectisms to varying degrees. A comparative study of business texts with works of fiction will help to recognize and combine individual dialect features that formed the basis of literary norms. Processes of normalization of a common literary language based on a folk basis, and with its relation to the old literary and linguistic tradition. By the end of the feudal period (in some states from the 14th - 15th centuries, in others from the 16th - 17th centuries), the folk language in various European countries to one degree or another displaces foreign languages ​​from many functional spheres of communication. Thus, the royal office in Paris used French in certain documents already in the second half of the 13th century, but the final transition to French took place here throughout the 14th century. Latin language at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. is gradually losing its functions as a business and administrative language in Poland. In different periods of the history of languages, complex stylistic relationships arose between different systems of expression during the formation of a national norm of the literary language. For example, the complex problem of the theory of styles in the French language of the 16th - 17th centuries. and in the Russian literary language of the 18th - early 19th centuries. Basically the same problems arise in relation to the Bulgarian and partly Serbian literary language of the 19th century, in relation to the Old Czech book and colloquial language in the history of the Czech language of the early 19th century.

Slide 10

Literary language has its own characteristics:

1. Resilience (stability). The Russian literary language was finally formed in the 19th century, in the Pushkin era, and in its composition of commonly used vocabulary remains unchanged, that is, generally understandable. 2. Mandatory for all native speakers. For successful communication in the professional and everyday spheres, every native speaker of the Russian language must have sufficient command of the literary language. Mastery of a literary language and the formation of a person’s vocabulary (active vocabulary) are significantly influenced by his or her erudition. However, not only the quantity, but also the quality of the literature read is important. 3. Processing. 4. Availability of oral and written forms of implementation. All non-literary variants of a language - dialects, vernacular, jargons - exist only in oral form, they are realized in the process of oral communication. The written form of implementation is characteristic only of the literary language. This greatly expands its capabilities. Writing (that is, the transmission of spoken speech using graphic signs) is one of the greatest inventions of mankind. The presence of a written form in a language makes it possible to pass on to subsequent generations all the spiritual and material experience enshrined in written texts. 5. Availability of functional styles. 6. Normativity. Speaking about the culture of speech, we highlight three main qualities of such speech - correctness, accuracy, expressiveness. It is the correctness of speech that is determined by its compliance with the language norm.

Slide 11

Historical nature of FL norms

Specific features of a literary norm do not appear immediately, but develop gradually as the literary language is formed. Therefore, a necessary aspect of studying a literary norm is its historical consideration. The importance of this aspect of the study was strongly emphasized by V.V. Vinogradov, who noted that the “dynamic” characteristic of the norm is very significant for the general understanding of the genesis and development of the literary language.

Slide 12

Literary norm as a historical category

the continuity of its static (identification and study of the signs of the norm) and dynamic (examination of the formation and changes of these signs) characteristics. normalization is defined as a set of conscious and spontaneous processes of selection of normative implementations. At the same time, normalization can also be considered as a continuous historical process, leading to the formation and change of literary norms. The static characteristics of a norm depend on the historical conditions in which a certain literary norm is formed. So, for example, the degree of variation in the norms of a literary language may to some extent depend on how homogeneous (or heterogeneous) the genetic basis of a given literary language is and to what extent it was influenced during the process of formation by various language systems that came into contact with it. True, such a connection is not clearly expressed in all cases. The historical aspect of characterizing literary norms has still been very little developed for different languages.

Slide 13

The national literary language is characterized by increased stability and stability of norms. The breadth of the lexical inventory and its constant replenishment with new elements suggest that the lexical norm is not regulated in the sense in which the spelling, orthoepic and grammatical norms are regulated. Only the development of terminology allows for the purposeful intervention of society in the sphere of vocabulary; otherwise, the codification processes here are predominantly passive, ascertaining in nature. One of the manifestations of the general tendency towards the stability of literary norms is the tendency towards their territorial unity; it appears especially clearly when they are compared with the “norms” of everyday spoken language and dialect, selectivity and differentiation (norms of oral and written forms of the literary language, norms of different functional varieties literary language).

Slide 14

Chronological boundaries of the concept "modern literary language"

In different national languages, the duration of that last stage in the history of the language, which is currently recognized by native speakers as “modern,” can be significantly different. These boundaries basically coincide with the work of the classics of national literature, in whose artistic practice the national literary language was formed. Thus, the main features of the modern Italian literary language take shape in the 13th-14th centuries, in the works of the “great Florentines” - Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio; The beginning of the modern French literary language dates back to the 17th century. (drama by Corneille, Moliere, Racine); the beginning of the modern literary Russian language is the 20-30s. XIX century (works of Pushkin). The further history of the established literary language is that non-functional variation is gradually overcome; the stylistic and semantic differentiation of linguistic means is deepening; As a result, the internal functional and stylistic structure of the literary language is formed, which strengthens its isolation from non-literary forms of existence of the language. This is why, for the typology of norms, it is so important how many centuries (or decades) a “modern” literary language is. the depth and certainty of the stylistic and semantic differentiation of linguistic means directly depends on the “age” of the literary language; one might say that the degree of differentiation of linguistic means is a “function of time” during which the history of the literary language took place.

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The most ancient literary and written languages

the main literary traditions of antiquity: ancient Indian, ancient Chinese, ancient Greek, Latin. The stylistic diversity of the ancient Greek literary language is inextricably linked with different genres of literature (epic, lyric poetry, theater), with the prosperity of science and philosophy, with the development of oratory.

Slide 16

Middle Ages

The functional load of literary languages ​​varies in different historical conditions, and the determining role here is played by the level of development of society and the general culture of the people. The ancient Arabic literary language took shape in the 7th - 8th centuries. as the language of poetry, Muslim religion, science and school as a result of the high level of development that Arab culture then reached. A different picture is observed in Western Europe. The origins of the literary languages ​​of Western Europe were poetic and prose genres of fiction, folk epic; in Scandinavia and Ireland, along with the style of epic poetry, the prose style of the ancient sagas stands out. The language of ancient runic inscriptions (V - VIII centuries), the so-called runic Koine, also adjoined the supra-dialect type of language. The 12th - 13th centuries - the heyday of knightly lyricism and knightly romance - provide high examples of Provencal, French, German, and Spanish literary languages. But these literary languages ​​begin to serve science and education relatively late, partly as a result of the inhibited development of science, but mainly due to the fact that the conquest of other spheres of communication by the literary language was hampered in Western European countries by the long-term dominance of Latin in the fields of law, religion, public administration, education and the prevalence of the dialect in everyday communication. The displacement of Latin and its replacement by the literary language of a given people proceeded largely differently in different European countries.

Slide 17

In Germany since the 13th century. The German language penetrates not only into diplomatic correspondence, into private and state documents, but also into jurisprudence. The major legal monuments, the Sachsenspiegel and the Schwabenspiegel, enjoyed enormous popularity, as evidenced by the existence of numerous manuscript versions from different regions of Germany. Almost simultaneously, the German language begins to conquer the sphere of public administration. He dominates the imperial chancellery of Charles IV. But Latin remained the language of science virtually until the end of the 17th century; it dominated university teaching for a long time: back in the 17th century. lecturing in German met with fierce resistance. The Renaissance also contributed to a certain strengthening of the position of Latin even in some literary genres (drama) in Germany. In Italy back in the 15th century. in connection with the general direction of the culture of the Renaissance, Latin turns out to be the only officially recognized language not only of science, but also of fiction, and only a century later the Italian literary language gradually gained citizenship rights as a multifunctional written and literary language. In France, Latin was also used in the 16th century. not only in science, but also in jurisprudence, in diplomatic correspondence, although Francis I already introduced the French language into the royal office.

Slide 18

Literary-written bilingualism: France

The historical situation of medieval France during the period of written bilingualism is characterized by the further development of feudalism. In the second half of the 15th century. France turns into the most powerful feudal state in Europe. This period coincides with the beginning of printing and the almost complete oblivion of the early texts of the secular canon, the emergence, development and regrouping of later functional styles. Among the literary genres, the lives of saints and visions predominate. The first were very popular in the 9th century. Sometimes they were even turned into poetry. Visions are interpolated from chronicles and framed into a special genre. In addition to everyday literature and visions in the second half of the 9th century. common: panegyrics addressed to clergy and secular persons; friendly messages; edifying messages; descriptive poetry; “inscriptions”, including epitaphs, dating back to the genre of the ancient epigram; hymns and poetic prayers. Secular literature of this period was not distinguished by a variety of genres. The most famous authors of this time are Sedulius Scott, Ermold Nigell and the anonymous Saxon poet, who translated Einhard’s “Life of Charlemagne” into verse. In the 9th century. The genre of historical poems appeared in Latin literature. The work of Abbon of Saint-Germain “The Parisian War” belongs to this genre. Second half of the 9th century. characterized by a new literary and linguistic regrouping: new texts appear in the newly written folk language. This is a turning point in both the literary history and the history of the language of the French people. New written literary languages ​​are emerging. The first coherent text in Old French was the famous “Oaths of Strasbourg”, pronounced in 842 by the grandsons of Charlemagne, Charles the Bald and Louis the German, who united against their brother Lothair. In addition to this document, there are a number of written monuments in Old French of a secular and clerical-tactical nature: “Sequence of St. Eulalia", "The Passion of Christ", an excerpt from a sermon on the prophet Jonah, "The Life of St. Leodegaria", "Life of St. Alexei", ​​"The Song of Roland", "The Journey of Charlemagne to Jerusalem and Constantinople". Old French clerical writings trace their origins to specific Latin textual sources. Therefore, they are essentially later than traditional texts.

Slide 19

Literary-written bilingualism: Rus'

In the Russian edition, Church Slavonic was a written and literary Old Church Slavonic language that had undergone a certain influence of living ancient Russian speech. And Old Church Slavonic was basically one of the South Slavic languages; it is sometimes called Old Bulgarian. Into this language in the 9th - 10th centuries. the creators of the Slavic alphabet, the brothers Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius and their Moravian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Old Russian students and followers translated liturgical books and works of ancient authors from Greek; then original works were also written on it (in the appropriate editions). Through this international literary language of the Slavic peoples, many borrowings from the languages ​​of the richest ancient culture - Greek and Latin - penetrated into Old Russian speech. Initially very close in its structure to Old Russian, Church Slavonic has changed little since its spread in Rus', while the living Russian language has developed, undergoing significant changes. Church Slavonic was not the only form of written speech in Rus'. Along with it, the Old Russian written and literary language, which arose on the basis of living speech, was used. It has long been used in business writing; many outstanding works of ancient Russian literature, mainly of secular content, were written in it. It was influenced by the Church Slavonic language, but did not mix with it; used, for example, in the 17th century. in the genres of democratic satire, in office work, which was already very developed by that time, in diplomatic, business and private correspondence, etc. Academician V.V. Vinogradov, emphasizing the primordial closeness of the Old Church Slavonic and Old Russian languages, as well as their common fate in the history of Russian speech culture, believed that in Ancient Rus' there were not two different literary languages, but two types of literary language: book Slavic and written folk-literary. Russian written bilingualism, which existed until the 18th century, was a peculiar phenomenon, but not exceptional: in the countries of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages, the written language was mainly a language that was even more distant from living folk speech - Latin. With the formation of the Russian national language, the scope of application of the “pure” Church Slavonic language is sharply narrowed. In written speech, bilingualism gives way to stylistic demarcation within a single written and literary language. And in oral speech since the end of the 16th century. uniform all-Russian conversational norms are gradually emerging on the basis of the Moscow dialect. These processes were important for the later fate of the Russian language. Their complexity, as well as the contradictory nature of the changes, were reflected in the science of Russian language styles throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Slide 20

Pre-national forms of existence of LA

MM. Gukhman: Oral implementation of literary languages ​​can manifest itself in two forms: in oral creativity, especially in the pre-national period, and in oral speeches of different styles, ranging from samples of oratory, scientific speeches to colloquial literary speech; This second type becomes most diverse during the development of national languages. The first type is assigned the term “oral variety of a literary language”, the second type is assigned the term “oral form of a literary language”; the oral form of the literary language appears both in book styles (scientific speech, journalistic speech, etc.) and in literary-colloquial style.

Slide 21

In the pre-national period, selection and relative regulation are clearly visible in cases where the literary language combines the features of several dialect regions, which is observed especially clearly in the history of the Dutch language in the 13th - 15th centuries, where there was a change in the leading regional variants of the literary language: in the 13th - 14th centuries . In connection with the economic and political prosperity of Flanders, first its western and then eastern regions became the center of development of the literary language. The West Flemish version of the literary language is replaced in this regard in the 14th century. the East Flemish variant, characterized by a significantly greater leveling of local features. In the 15th century, when Brabant, with centers in Brussels and Antwerp, began to play a leading political, economic and cultural role, a new version of the regional literary language developed here, combining the traditions of the older Flemish literary language and the generalized features of the local dialect, achieving a certain unification.

Slide 22

The relationship between the language and dialects in different historical eras

Tribal languages ​​were different even within relatively small territories, but as marriage and other contacts between clans expanded, and then economic ties between tribes, interaction between languages ​​began. In the subsequent development of languages, processes of two opposite types are found: convergence - the bringing together of different languages ​​and even the replacement of two or more languages ​​by one; divergence is the splitting of one language into two or more different, although related, languages. For example, a language first breaks up into dialects, and then they develop into independent languages. There are also several models of language development when they come into contact: A) based on the substrate (Latin substratum - litter, bottom layer). For example, the language of the indigenous population was forced out of use by the language of the conquerors, but left its mark in the language of the aliens (material borrowings, word-formation, semantic tracings, etc.). A striking example from the history of the development of languages ​​is modern Romance languages ​​(French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese). There are certain similarities in them, but also obvious differences; these are DIFFERENT LANGUAGES, since during their formation, folk Latin, from which they come, was superimposed on different substrates (substrates) and was acquired differently by different peoples. C) on the basis of a superstrate - the layering of alien features on the original basis of the local language. The winner in the battle of languages ​​is the local language. A striking example of superstrate influence is the French layers in the English language, which penetrated into it after the Norman Conquest and were preserved, due to the long dominance of the French language in England, at the level of vocabulary, phonetics, and spelling. A special case is the formation of Koine - a common language that arises on the basis of a mixture of related dialects, of which one turns out to be leading and is used for economic and other contacts.

Slide 23

Lingua franca

(Latin “common language”) - the transformation of one of the contacting languages ​​into a more or less regular means of interethnic communication, which does not displace other languages ​​from everyday life, but coexists with them on the same territory. Thus, for many Indian tribes on the Pacific coast of America, the lingua franca is the Chinook languages. Until now, the Russian language plays the role of lingua franca when communicating between representatives of the former republics of the USSR. In most countries of medieval Europe, the language of religion and science was medieval Latin - a language that continued the traditions of classical Latin.

Slide 24

Pidgins

The period of colonial conquests was characterized by the appearance of so-called pidgins (distorted business) - a kind of trading lingua franca, not native to anyone, but used for communication between European colonialists and natives, and then between multilingual natives. It is always a very primitive language - with a limited set of lexical units, simplified grammar, containing both elements of local dialects and distorted European elements.

Slide 25

Features of the formation of FL in different countries

In the formation of a system of characteristics of the literary language of a national period, two types of processes are distinguished, depending on whether the language had a long written tradition and a processed form of the language correlated with this tradition - an ancient or medieval literary language - or whether the language is infantile (unwritten), i.e. That is, it either has no written-literary tradition at all, or this tradition is insignificant. The difference is that for languages ​​such as Armenian, Georgian, Japanese, Chinese, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Tajik, Russian, French, German and Italian, the formation of structural and functional-stylistic features of a new national type of literary language is realized in the process of partial repulsion from the previous literary tradition, partial inclusion and overcoming it. At the same time, the role of continuity increases if there is no significant change in the regional connections of literary languages, as was the case in Dutch, German, and Uzbek. The complexity of the process of formation, for example, of the Uzbek literary language is due to the fact that its components are the Old Uzbek literary language, village synharmonic dialects and the main urban dialects of Tashkent and Fergana.

Slide 26

For newly written languages, the problem of continuity is virtually eliminated, except for the language of oral epic poetry. In the first case, two opposing linguistic elements take part in the development of a new type of literary language and its functional-stylistic system - literary tradition, most often associated with a system of book-written styles, and everyday colloquial forms of communication. The interaction of these two elements, the forms of their delimitation and inclusion in the new system of literary language, the degree of influence of each of them determines the endless variety of processes with their undeniable typological similarity. So, for example, in the Tajik literary language, which took shape as a result of the interaction of the literary language of the “classical period” and the everyday spoken language, the degree of inclusion of elements of the old literary language varies in different genres of literature. The language of poetry is rich in archaisms, literary prose is an example of modern literary language, the language of drama is characterized by its closeness to colloquial speech and an abundance of dialectisms. For newly written languages, the processes of formation of literary languages ​​have a fundamentally different form, since for the first time a processed form of the language is created here. That is why for such languages ​​the problem of the regional base of the literary language is posed much more straightforwardly and simply than when applied to the languages ​​of the first group. As for the first group, even in those cases when the literary language of the Middle Ages did not enjoy such social authority as the ancient language of China, Japan, Armenia, Arab countries, like Old Church Slavonic in Slavic countries, where the authority of the ancient language was often supported by its use as a cult language (cf. Grabar, Old Church Slavonic, classical Arabic), even in the absence of these conditions, the previous book and written tradition is the most important component in the formation of the norm of the literary language of the national era. Indicative in this regard is the process of formalizing the norms of the national Dutch language, which is territorially associated with the province of Holland. However, in the modern norm of the literary language, in grammar, spelling and vocabulary, especially in the written form of the literary language, the book tradition of the literary language of the pre-national period, associated with other regions of the Netherlands, is reflected, while normalization was carried out largely on the basis of the literary language of the Middle Ages, i.e. Flemish-Brabantian rather than Dutch model. For the newly written and unwritten languages ​​of the USSR, the formation of literary languages ​​was directly related to the choice of the “reference” dialect and occurred under fundamentally different conditions from the languages ​​of the first group; however, even in this case, literary languages ​​never completely coincide with the reference dialect, representing varying degrees of isolation from the dialect system.

Slide 27

The Russian language is characterized by close continuity between individual periods of its history. Speaking about the first third of the 19th century. as the beginning of a new (modern) stylistic system of the Russian language, one should at the same time see the relative nature of the novelty: Pushkin’s language was by no means divorced from the literary language of the 18th century, it transformed, but at the same time continued the stylistic traditions of the 18th century. Moreover, in the 18th century, in the literary and philological practice of V.K. Trediakovsky, a prototype of the literary and linguistic situation of the first decades of the 19th century had already emerged. - situations of coexistence and competition of different models of normalization of the literary language (the struggle between Karamzinists and Shishkovists). The previous stages of the history of the Russian literary language - the 18th century, the language of Muscovite Rus', the language of Kievan Rus - were also closely related to each other. Continuity in the history of the Russian literary language has determined that its modern stylistics inherits a lot from previous, sometimes very distant, states of the literary language. Thus, of all the modern Slavic literary languages, the Russian language is most closely associated with the traditions of Church Slavonic literature. In his style, the opposition between Church Slavonicisms and native Russian linguistic means is still relevant. The influence of the Church Slavonic language was also reflected in the fact that the codified literary Russian language as a whole is further removed from living colloquial and dialect speech than most Slavic literary languages. In contrast to the relatively smooth history of the Russian literary language, there was a kind of pause in development in the history of the literary languages ​​of a number of Slavic peoples. The lack of state independence and foreign national oppression suppressed and broke the traditions of early written culture in the history of the Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian peoples. A new book and written culture of these peoples emerged several centuries later, as a result of the national liberation struggle and national revival. However, the revival of the Slavic literary languages ​​was not a renewal of the previous normative and stylistic systems (with the exception of the Czech language). The revived literary languages ​​relied on living folk speech, on the language of new literature and journalism. This is associated with their greater closeness to folk speech, greater tolerance for dialectisms, but at the same time a certain limitation, narrowing of the stylistic range. To feel stylistic contrast, you need tradition.

Slide 28

In the context of a different linguistic ideology, the Serbo-Croatian literary language took shape (which has now become two languages ​​- Serbian and Croatian). Literary language of Serbia in the 18th century. stood at a crossroads: several stylistic systems coexisted and competed in literature and writing. Some of them were associated with the Church Slavonic language, including its Russian edition, others - with the folk Serbian language. The creators of the Serbian literary language - Dosifej Obradović, Buk Karadzic, Djura Danicic - abandoned the archaic Church Slavonic styles and turned to the modern folk language. This orientation was influenced by the ideology of romanticism, which was strong in the Serbian revival, with its interest in ethnic identity, pre-literate folk culture, and the “soul” of the people. Obradović, the greatest Serbian writer of the 18th century, in practice - in his artistic and journalistic works - proved the acceptability of the folk Serbian language as a literary language. The more radical folk Karadzic compiled a grammar and dictionary based on the folklore of the Serbs, Croats, and Montenegrins (1814, 1818) and published - as a model of a new literary language - several collections of folk poetry. Karadzic's codification was accepted by society. The Karadzic reform, the linguistic ideology on which it grew up, determined the typological features of the literary Serbo-Croatian language: closeness to folk speech, significant tolerance for dialectisms, at the same time - a certain narrowing of stylistic possibilities, which is associated with a departure from the traditions of Church Slavonic book and written culture .

Slide 29

The formation of the English language

449 - the Jutes, Angles and Saxons seize the territory of modern England Old English in three dialects: the language of the Angles with subdialects Saxon Jutish/Kentish/Canterbury

Slide 30

1066 – 1217 England under the rule of the Norman dukes until 1400, French was the official language of England Latin as the written language of officials Bilingualism of the nobility: Latin and French

Slide 31

Works were written in French for the Anglo-Norman public. The unofficial language was Middle English. 14th century – gradual revival of cultural independencerejection of French as an official language

Slide 32

The invention and introduction of printing: unification and standardization of written English as a necessity Early English vowel movement (Great Vowel Shift) led to the fact that the written language ceased to correspond to pronunciation features (15-17 centuries)

Slide 33

Great Vowel Shift