Concept and types of money transfers. Translator: features of the profession

The basis of what a translator does is immediately clear: translating information from one language to another. Moreover, this information can be different: text, speech, on general topics or highly specialized ones. Therefore, there are several specializations of the translator profession: translator, technical translator, consecutive interpreter, simultaneous interpreter, etc.

Of course, the specifics of the work, knowledge and skills, and simply the psychological characteristics of such specialists can differ significantly: someone does an excellent job of translating texts, but it is difficult for them to work in real time. For some, on the contrary, it is easier to translate a live conversation, but sitting at a table with books for a long time is uninteresting and uncomfortable.

What types of translators are there?

There are indeed many specializations of translators; we will highlight only the main ones.

Simultaneous interpreters

Probably, almost everyone has seen television footage of someone from the podium making a speech in one language, and all the listeners speaking other languages ​​are wearing headphones. Here is the most obvious example of simultaneous translation: the translator hears the speech directly and instantly translates it into the required language.

There is nothing supernatural here: science has already proven that under any circumstances, more than 50% of the words used in any language are absolutely standard - so to speak, at the everyday level. In addition, interpreters often receive the finished text of the report in advance, translate it in advance, and during the presentation they only have to compare the oral speech with the written one.

Consecutive interpreters

Quite often, important business negotiations that require translation are conducted on the principle of conversation and translation in sentences or parts thereof. That is, a specialist receives information, spends a little time carefully processing it, and produces it in another language in a form as close as possible in meaning to the original.

Compared to simultaneous translation, negotiations last a little longer, but the information is conveyed much more accurately.

Written technical translators

Such translators are required to have in-depth knowledge of the relevant industry and highly specialized terminology. The essence of the work of such specialists is the usual translation of technical texts.

Translators of fiction

The peculiarity of the work of an artistic translator is that he himself must be a bit of an artist, an author, since in some situations he has to “redraw” the original so that it is understandable specifically to his reader, and not to a bearer of another culture.

For example, Lermontov’s poem “Mountain peaks sleep in the darkness of the night...” is a translation of a verse by the German poet Goethe! Moreover, a free translation - Lermontov “played” with the text. But there are translations of other strong poets - say, Bryusov and Annenkov. They are closer to the original, but people remembered and liked Lermontov’s version more strongly, since it turned out to be closer to us, and not to Goethe!

Or a more modern version - in the 90s, lovers of American science fiction got tired of laughing at phrases of low-grade translators like “he confidently walked along the imperial starship, clanking with his uniform boots, holding onto the lapel of his tunic, hung with all the orders of the Empire.” Have you presented the picture? Uniform boots and a Greek tunic with a lapel and wearing orders? But the translator is not. But if you know that the English tunic is not only a tunic, but also a jacket, then the picture becomes absolutely normal. All you had to do was imagine the picture while working, understand that it was ridiculous, and look for the mistake.

Places of work

Translators are needed almost everywhere: in government agencies, in publishing houses and simply in commercial companies. I would especially like to mention travel agencies that employ guides or tour guides who are also translators.

Translator's responsibilities

The job responsibilities of a translator can vary significantly depending on the type of work, but in general they are as follows:

• oral and/or written translation;
• consecutive interpretation during business meetings;
• translations of texts, letters and documentation;
• editing translations made by other employees;
• linguistic support for events, etc.

Translator requirements

Most often, the requirements for a translator look quite simple - excellent command of a foreign language and the ability to do oral and (or) written translation.

This may require:

• presence of higher education (usually specialized);
• knowledge of any terminology;
• ethics of business communication;
• computer skills.

Translator resume sample

How to become a translator

Sometimes you can become a translator without any special education, just by knowing a foreign language perfectly. This will allow you to find a job, if, of course, you are lucky and someone believes in your abilities. For easier and more reliable employment, it is better to get a higher education, becoming a philologist or linguist.

Translator salary

It is difficult to say how much a translator earns, because... many of them work from home and are paid by piecework. And the official incomes of these specialists vary greatly - they can range from 10 to 100 thousand rubles per month and even higher.

Of course, the earnings of translators directly depend on the popularity of the language: English is taught more often than Japanese or Chinese. Therefore, the “English” find work faster, but their salaries are usually low. But there are much fewer “Japanese” and “Chinese”, and the demand for them is small, but the tariff rates are much higher.

The average salary of a translator is approximately 40 thousand rubles per month (data obtained from open information about vacancies).

Often, when a person picks up the Holy Scriptures for the first time, he has a question: what translations of the Bible exist? The answer to this question determines, in particular, the believer’s choice in which translation to read the Bible. Today there are two classic translations of this sacred book for Christians into Russian - Church Slavonic and Russian Synodal, as well as a modern Russian translation.

Church Slavonic translation

Bible in Church Slavonic appeared in Rus' in the first centuries of its Christianization thanks to the works of the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius. The brothers themselves, who were from Byzantium, by order of the emperor went to the Moravian prince to preach about Christ in the native language of the Slavic peoples.

For this purpose, Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius created an alphabet, named after one of them, the Cyrillic alphabet, and then translated the Scriptures and books for worship into the Slavic language.

As a result of the fact that the Slavic translation of the Bible began to be used in services, the Church Slavonic language gradually formed. It was almost never used in everyday life, but it became the main language for the Church. It is such today, and therefore Orthodox believers should, if possible, be able to read and understand the Bible, first of all, in this language.

Synodal translation

When answering the question, what translations of the Bible are there into Russian, it is worth mentioning Synodal translation, which is by far the most popular.

The Synodal translation of the Holy Scriptures was carried out in the 19th century with the goal of making this book accessible to the maximum number of residents of the Russian Empire. It so happened that by the 19th century, few in Russia could freely read and understand sacred texts in Church Slavonic. In addition, by publishing the Bible in Russian, Emperor Alexander I wanted to support in Russia the development of the Russian Bible Society (RBS), created similar to similar European societies not long before.

The translation of Scripture into Russian was carried out by a specially created commission at the Synod under the leadership of the vice-president of the Russian Orthodox Church, Archimandrite Philaret (Drozdov), later a saint, Metropolitan of Moscow. The book was published in parts by the RBO itself.

The New Testament was the first to be translated completely into Russian in 1820. In 1823 it would have been printed along with the Old Testament Psalter. The Old Testament itself was completely translated and released in 1876. Thus, it was from the second half of the 19th century that the main holy book of Christians became available to the majority of residents of Russia.

Modern translation

Relatively recently, in the early 2010s, a modern Russian translation of the Bible was published, the authors of which were M. Seleznev (Old Testament) And V. Kuznetsova (New Testament).

From the moment of publication to this day, there has been an active discussion about the quality of this translation of the Bible. Some make positive assessments, others criticize.

However, it is important to note here that the main task of this translation was to make the Holy Scriptures more accessible to the understanding of the modern reader, often not even a churchgoer, for whom it is already difficult to understand even the Synodal translation. To evaluate such a publication, you can personally read the Bible in a modern translation, as well as find out the advice of priests, which are available, for example, on the Internet.

Which Bible translation is better to read?

When choosing one or another translation of the Bible that is convenient for himself, an Orthodox person should focus on several points.

First of all, this is, of course, following the church tradition, which, for example, makes it desirable to understand the Bible in Church Slavonic. At least to some minimal extent. Then it will be easier for a person, for example, at a service where all texts are read and sung in Church Slavonic.

The second, and no less important point, is understanding the essence of what you read. It’s good, of course, to read the Bible in the living language of the Church, but if none of what you read is clear, then perhaps it’s better to start by turning to the Synodal translation, which is also approved by the Church for reading.

The question may also arise, which translation of the Bible is the most accurate? It is worth noting here that the Church Slavonic translation undoubtedly more fully reflects the essence and spirit of the original Holy Scripture, but one should not think that the Synodal translation is unreliable in this regard. No, this translation simply presents the same text in a language that is more accessible and understandable to modern people. At the same time, the translators of the Synodal edition undoubtedly tried to preserve the spirit of the Word of God.

In any case, no matter what translation interests you, you will always find the necessary edition in our online store.

There are two main classifications of translation types:

- by the nature of the texts being translated - associated with genre-stylistic features of the original;

- by the nature of speech actions translator in the translation process - related to psycholinguistic features of speech actions in written and oral form.

Genre and stylistic classification:

Literary (literary) translation - translation of works of fiction; a type of translation activity, the main task of which is to generate a speech work in the TL that can have an artistic and aesthetic impact on the TL.

Informative (special) translation is the translation of texts, the main function of which is to convey some information, and not to have an artistic and aesthetic impact on the reader.

Literary translation

The mountain tops were hidden in a gray waste of sky... (A. Cronin)

The tops of the mountains sank into the gray sky. (Translated by M. Abkina)

Subtypes of literary translation:

Translation of poetry,

Translation of plays,

Translation of satirical works,

Translation of literary prose,

Translation of song lyrics, etc.

Subtypes of informative translation:

Materials of a scientific, business, socio-political, everyday, etc. nature.

Translation of many detective stories, travelogues, essays and similar works where informational narration predominates.

Psycholinguistic classification - takes into account the way of perceiving the original and creating the translation text, dividing translation activities into written translation and oral translation.

Written translation - this type of translation in which speech works, combined in an act of interlingual communication (original and translation text), appear in the translation process in the form of fixed texts, which the translator can repeatedly refer to.

This allows the translator to re-perceive sections of the translated text, compare them with the corresponding sections of the translation, make any necessary changes to the translation text before presenting the translation to the Receptor, i.e. until the transfer process is completed.

Oral translation - this is a type of translation in which the original and its translation appear in the translation process in an unfixed form, which predetermines the translator’s one-time perception of segments of the original and the impossibility of subsequent comparison or correction of the translation after its completion.

During oral translation, the creation of the translation text can occur either in parallel with the perception of the original, or after the perception of the original is completed. Accordingly, there are two subtypes of interpretation: simultaneous interpretation and consecutive interpretation.

Simultaneous translation - this is a method of oral translation in which the translator, listening to the speaker’s speech, pronounces the translation almost simultaneously (with a slight lag of 2-3 seconds).

A type of simultaneous translation is the so-called. “whispering”, when the interpreter is placed next to the Receptor and tells him the translation in a low voice, with or without headphones and a microphone.

Consecutive translation is a method of oral translation in which the interpreter begins to translate after the speaker has stopped speaking, having completed the entire speech or some part of it. The size of the translated segment of speech can vary: from a single statement to a text of significant length, which the speaker pronounced for 20-30 minutes or more.

A special type of use of written text in oral translation is the so-called. “sight translation”, when the translator orally translates the written original for the Receptors without regard to any oral presentations, i.e. not in the process of translating the speaker's speech.

Differences between interpretation and translation

Time factor.

Uneven sections of the original.

The nature of communication with participants in interlingual communication.

Language ratio

- “two-way translation” - changing languages ​​during translation.

Speech compression - conscious compression of the text during the translation process.

The need for compression is determined by the fact that the conditions of oral (especially simultaneous) translation do not always allow the content of the original to be conveyed as completely as in written translation.

They, in turn, are divided into three more subtypes.

Written translation is the most ancient type of translation, a method of interpreting text from one language to another that is developing by leaps and bounds. Written translation can be called a stressful activity only when the translator needs to complete a large amount of work in a short period of time.

The real aces of written translation are those who translate classical literature and literary texts. These types of materials have the widest range of vocabulary used, the interpretation of which requires not only excellent knowledge of a foreign language, but also one’s native language.

It is worth noting that in Russia the concept of “translator” has a completely unambiguous meaning, while for English-speaking people the classic “translator” implies a written translator, and “interpreter” - an oral one.

Transcribing audio or video recordings can also be called a very complex type of written translation: often transcribing poor quality recordings from a foreign language can take a very long time. However, specialists in this field can expect to earn more income than ordinary translators.

Types of interpretation

Oral translation, unlike written translation, is a translation that requires not only exceptional knowledge of the language, but also emotional and psychological qualities appropriate to the profession.

There are two main types of this translation: consecutive and simultaneous.

Consecutive translation

With this type of translation, the interpretation of the listened passage of speech or text is carried out in the interval between this passage and the next one. Business conversations and conferences, where every detail is important, are often translated in a similar way.

Consecutive translation, in turn, has two subtypes: one-way (translation from one language to another, i.e. in only one direction) and two-way (back-and-forth translation, i.e. translation of a conversation between people).

Simultaneous translation

This type of translation is recognized as the most stressful activity of a translator. Simultaneous interpreters with experience receive from $200-$500 per hour. Simultaneous interpretation is carried out using special equipment that allows you to clearly hear the voices of speakers, but not hear your own voice, and also allows you to adjust the sound volume, timbre, and sometimes the tempo of speech (if the device has a recording mechanism).

Simultaneous interpreters must have nerves of steel and self-control. Although at large conferences such interpreters work in shifts, the stress level reaches a maximum. The main difficulty for a simultaneous interpreter is the interpretation of various unfamiliar dialects or the speech of people who pronounce words with a strong accent. In addition, he must be able to isolate the main information from the entire stream of speech, since it is literally physically impossible to translate the entire speech.

Thus, of all the information received, a simultaneous interpreter has the ability to adequately translate, at best, 70%-75% of the speech.

Translation genres

It is also possible to distinguish types of translations according to genre and stylistic criteria. In principle, the classification of such translations is a completely accurate classification of functional styles in the Russian language.

Literary translation

This type of translation is characterized by stylistic imagery, frequent use of tropes and elements of the author's evaluation (subjectivity). Literary translation can be called one of the most difficult types of translations, because the author's imagery often involves the use of dialect elements and colloquial expressions, which are sometimes difficult to interpret in another language.

Scientific and technical translation

We can say that this type of translation is the opposite of literary translation: when performing it, the translator does not try to convey the subjectivity and imagery of the author, because they simply do not exist in scientific texts. On the other hand, sometimes conveying the meaning of certain scientific terms and phenomena requires great precision; not every scientific phenomenon or concept has its equivalent in every language. Therefore, when translating technical terms and details, you should always avoid verbatimness, and be able to at least find an equivalent in the target language (as is the case with proverbs and sayings). Scientific translation requires not only knowledge of the language, but also at least mediocre knowledge in a particular area with which translation is related.

Socio-political translation

To successfully carry out this type of translation, you need to have an appropriate vocabulary on a given topic and, moreover, be able to navigate the same topic using the language into which the translation is being carried out. Thus, this type of translation should be characterized by imagery, the ability to appeal to the reader (listener), but, at the same time, political correctness.

Military translation

In addition to having the ability to accurately present this or that detail, for successful military translation, a huge vocabulary on military-political topics is required.

Legal translation

This translation can be called the most complex type of translation, which is often identified with technical translation. Legal translation is divided into translation of laws and bills, translation of contracts, translation of notarized documents, translation of constituent documents, translation of apostilles and notarial certificates.

The main difficulty of legal translation is that it must be carried out in accordance with the cultural and linguistic characteristics of a society, which may not comply with translation conventions. Moreover, legal translation is always carried out based on the realities of a certain legal system and the corresponding terminology: a certain legal concept in a language may not have a completely correct equivalent in Russian, which leads to the need to interpret it with maximum accuracy.

Tip 2: What money transfer systems exist in Russia

If there is an urgent need to send money to another city or country, fast money transfer systems will come to the rescue. The variety of systems existing in Russia allows you to choose the option that is optimal in terms of cost and speed of translation.

Instructions

Money transfer systems in Russia are represented by organizations that act as a kind of financial intermediary and offer the population the opportunity to transfer funds through a bank, but without opening an account, according to a simplified scheme. Today, money transfer systems in the Russian Federation are represented by a number of large companies with a solid reputation and a huge number of service points located both in the Russian Federation and the CIS, and around the world.

The Anelik money transfer system is one of the first companies to take a strong position in this segment of the Russian market. Anelik has several tens of thousands of offices operating in 93 countries. Money transfers are accepted both in rubles and in foreign currency; the transfer speed depends on the selected tariff and can range from five minutes to a day.

The development of general theoretical problems of translation began with books on the theory of translation of fiction, the most “ancient” of translation theories. The diversity of the translation process gives rise not only to different theories of translation, but also to types of translation that do not match in their characteristics, the identification of which must be scientifically justified. Every scientific classification has its own basis of division.

For a long time, the unquestioned axiom that interlingual transformations are carried out by humans received significant clarification in the 20th century: interlingual transformations can be carried out by a person or a machine. The first basis for the classification of translation appeared - the mechanisms of interlingual transformations. This foundation laid the foundation for the theory of machine translation. In the short century of its existence, it has made no less a contribution to the general theory of translation than existing theories of human translation, although we should not forget that machine translation has absorbed all the achievements in the translation theory of the “pre-machine” period. The theory of machine translation still exists as a single whole, which is associated with the stability of the conditions of the machine translation process and the low competence of the machine (it is useless to let it translate fiction).

Thus, one of the basis of the division is the category of the agent in translation, which allows us to distinguish between machine translation and human translation. A person has to work in various conditions and, depending on the situation, translate in writing or orally, perceive the original visually or auditorily. There is a significant difference between written translation, which is not limited in time, allowing the use of dictionaries and various reference books, and oral translation, which is carried out under extreme conditions of the functioning of the translator’s mental mechanisms. This difference arises from the operating conditions of mental mechanisms, which represent the basis for the classification of translation carried out by a person.

Consequently, to classify human translation, different division bases are used (classification by type):

• 1. taking into account the time relationship between the two main translation operations: perception of the source text and execution of the translation. On this basis, J. Erbert proposed his classification in 1952, distinguishing between two types of interpretation: simultaneous and consecutive. Moreover, he also included visual-oral translation from sight as simultaneous translation, and subdivided consecutive translation into consecutive translation with and without the use of technical means.
• 2. taking into account the conditions for the perception of the message and the execution of the translation. You can perceive a message either visually or auditorily, which already makes it possible to distinguish between visual translation and auditory translation. The translation can be done in writing or orally, including written and oral translations. But since each translation process includes both the perception of the message and the design of the translation, it becomes possible to talk about four types of translation: visual-written translation, visual-oral translation, written translation by ear and oral translation. The same classification was later proposed by L. S. Barkhudarov, but on a linguistic basis. He proposes to distinguish four main types of translation depending on the form of speech in which the source and target languages ​​are used, calling them, respectively, written-written, oral-oral, written-oral and oral-written translation.

Types of interpretation are:

• 1. Consecutive one-way translation by ear.
• 2. Consecutive one-way translation from a sheet.
• 3. Two-way translation of the conversation.
• 4. Simultaneous translation.
• 5. Selective advisory translation.

Types of written translation are:

• 1. Full written translation.
• 2. Abstract translation.
• 3. Translation of the "express information" type.
• 4. Annotation translation.

However, this classification could not satisfy the majority of researchers. Indeed, visual-written translation, for example, cannot be put on the same level as written aural translation. Visual-written translation covers a huge area of ​​practical work with fiction, scientific and technical literature, as well as informational and propaganda texts, while written translation by ear is reduced to one or more types of educational work (dictation translation, written translation of phono recordings) .

Interpretation by ear, in turn, includes two widely known independent types of translation: consecutive and simultaneous. Visual-oral translation occurs in practice rather as an auxiliary type of translation, when translation from a sheet precedes visual-written translation of the same text or is used for dictation into a typewriter with subsequent editing.

Isolating only the conditions of perception of the text and the design of the translation as the basis for the classification of translation turns out to be insufficient. During the translation process, a significantly larger number of mental mechanisms operate, and the conditions for their operation in different types of translation are by no means identical.

That is why it is necessary to identify the mental mechanisms that function in translation and take the conditions of their work as the basis for classification. At the same time, it is necessary to study the peculiarities of the work of mental mechanisms in each of the types of translation tested in practice. If two or three types of translation are characterized by the same features of the functioning of mental mechanisms, then this means that we are talking about one type of translation. Otherwise, we are dealing with different types of translation, since each independent type of translation activity is characterized only by its inherent set of conditions for the functioning of the translator’s mental mechanisms.

The most important mental mechanisms that carry out translation activities are:

• - mechanisms of perception of the source text;
• - memory mechanisms;
• - mechanisms of transition from one language to another;
• - translation processing mechanisms;
• - mechanisms for synchronizing translation operations.

These mechanisms can operate under a variety of conditions. In general, the complex of these conditions can be presented as follows:

• 1. Conditions for perceiving the message text both from the point of view of the leading analyzers (auditory or visual perception) and from the point of view of its repetition (single or multiple).
• 2. Conditions for memorization in connection with the size of perceived segments of speech (significant or insignificant load on memory).
• 3. Conditions for switching from one language to another in time (limited or unlimited).
• 4. Conditions for processing the translation, both in terms of the form of speech (oral or written) and in terms of the possibilities of speech correction (single or multiple).
• 5. Conditions for the time distribution of the main operations in the translation process (synchronism or sequence of operations).

A comparative analysis of various types of translation activities according to the oppositions just listed (auditory - visual perception, significant - insignificant memory load, etc.) should show the legitimacy of their identification in cases where they have their own combination of characteristics.

The types of translation that have found wide ethical application were selected for analysis:

• - written translation;
• - Simultaneous translation;
• - translation from sheet;
• - consecutive translation;
• - paragraph-phrase translation;
• - two-way translation;

From the point of view of the functioning of the mental mechanisms of the translator, one should distinguish between written translation, simultaneous translation, sight translation and consecutive translation. The complexity of a particular type of translation activity is determined not only by the operating conditions of the translator’s mental mechanisms, but also by the nature of the source texts, typical for this type of translation, and the requirements for translated texts, i.e. to the result of the translator's work.

The operating conditions of the translator's mental mechanisms are not the only basis for the classification of translation. The work of a translator also depends on the characteristics of the material with which he has to deal. Thus, according to this principle, two main types of translation are distinguished: literary and informative.

In literary translation, it is important not only to convey the content, but also to express this content using artistic means equivalent to the original, so that the translation has the same charge of emotional and aesthetic impact on the reader as the original. In literary translation, we can distinguish the translation of prose, poetry and dramatic works, because Each of these genres differs from the others quite significantly.

In informative translation, the main thing is to convey the entirety of information in another language without any distortion. This type of translation includes translation of newspaper publications, scientific articles, technical descriptions, patent literature, materials on economics and commercial activities, as well as translation of company materials.

The work of a translator also depends on the linguistic means that make up the material being translated.

We have already talked about units of speech that require a separate solution for translation. In all cases, such a decision was determined by the specifics of the semasiological connections of these units of speech. Moreover, the specificity of semasiological connections is not only a feature of a particular unit of text that has to be taken into account, but it also presupposes a professional orientation, special training of the translator who is going to carry out translation operations with these units of speech. In order to translate units of speech with erased semasiological connections, it is necessary to know foreign language equivalents; with fixed semasiological connections - study terminology from a particular branch of science; In order to translate units of speech with temporary semasiological connections, it is necessary to be able to recreate images in the translated text.

Of course, most of the materials that a translator has to work with include units of speech with various semasiological connections. And, nevertheless, the genre nature of the materials depends precisely on their saturation with linguistic means with corresponding semasiological connections. Thus, in the texts of fiction, linguistic means with temporary semasiological connections predominate, i.e. figurative expressions that are necessary to have an emotional impact on the reader. Figurative expressions and tropes represent a form of artistic knowledge of reality. They are, as a rule, conventional, individual and constitute the main feature of literary texts.

Forms of scientific knowledge of reality, i.e. scientific and technical descriptions require linguistic means with a fixed semasiological connection, which were created for this purpose in the form of terms. It is the terms that determine the genre nature of scientific and technical texts.

Finally, the language of mass media, which is presented in information and propaganda materials, is full of expressions that are easily accessible to the general reader or auditor, and therefore often repeated. It is in these materials that linguistic means with an erased semasiological connection predominate.

The work of a translator with texts that differ in the nature of the linguistic means predominantly contained in them also requires various professional knowledge and skills and even abilities. If such types of translation as written, simultaneous, sequential, and sight translation were distinguished depending on the working conditions of the translator, which form the basis of the classification, then it is possible to distinguish other types of translation if the type of semasiological connections of linguistic means is taken as the basis for the classification, determining the nature of the source texts. In this case, the translation classification can be inserted as follows:

• 1. Translation of texts rich in figurative expressions and tropes (linguistic means with temporary semasiological connections) is called literary translation.
• 2. Translation of texts rich in terminology (language means with fixed semasiological connections) represents scientific and technical translation.
• 3. Translation of texts full of clichés and cliches (linguistic means with erased semasiological connections), the number of which is especially large in newspaper materials, is a socio-political translation.

The specialization of translators in the field of artistic, scientific, technical or socio-political translation is directly related to the specifics of the linguistic means that define this type of translation. To work in the field of literary translation, a translator must have literary talent or at least develop the ability to put his written speech into a literary form that matches the style of a particular author. This is required by the temporary semasiological connections of the linguistic means with which he has to work. Temporary semasiological connections of linguistic means exclude oral types of translation, since temporary semasiological connections are created as a result of creativity, which is impossible under time constraints. That is why literary translation is always written translation.

To work in the field of scientific and technical translation, a translator needs special knowledge in the branch of science or technology from which the text is taken.

Since it is impossible to know all branches of science and technology, they usually specialize in some field, which led to the division of scientific and technical translation into military translation, economic translation, medical translation, radio engineering translation, etc. Special knowledge is needed not only in order to understand source texts, but also in order to correctly use terms in speech, i.e. linguistic means with a fixed semasiological connection.

The fixity of semasiological connections makes it possible to establish direct sign connections between the linguistic means of two languages ​​in translation, and therefore to use the sign method of translation - a necessary condition for oral types of translation.

A special place is occupied by socio-political translation, in which informational and propaganda texts are interspersed with scientific ones, and therefore linguistic means with an erased semasiological connection are adjacent to linguistic means with a fixed semasiological connection. This means that to work in the field of socio-political translation you need, firstly, relevant political knowledge, and secondly, the ability to quickly find interlingual equivalents. A set of linguistic means with erased and fixed semasiological connections makes it possible to carry out oral translations especially successfully, although it does not exclude the possibility of written translation.

As can be seen from the above, the types of translation obtained as an answer to the question “How to translate?” (based on the classification - the working conditions of the translator), do not coincide with the types of translation of the classification, which is based on the genre nature of the texts, i.e. answering the question “What to translate?”.

In addition, there is a classification of translation by quality (the degree of adequacy to the original is taken into account):

• 1. Literal translation (only possible if the expressive means of the two languages ​​coincide, i.e. the scope of the concept and grammatical categories (word meanings and grammatical structures) coincide.
• 2. Literal translation (the expressive means of the two languages ​​do not coincide, but the translator does not know this: “to be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth” - “to be born in a shirt” - literally translated “to be born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth.” Literalism very often does not allow one to understand the true meaning of a statement).
• 3. Free or authorized translation - an approximately correct translation, because the translator allows himself to express a little more or a little less than what the author expressed, and sometimes allows significant deviations from the content of the original. I don"t know what is in store for me. Yet I do know I"ll do it when two Sundays come together, "when two Sundays come together" is translated "I will never do this", conveying only the meaning, adequate expression "when the cancer hangs"
• 4. Adequate (equivalent) translation - expresses everything that the original does and produces the same emotional impact.

In translation, as in any activity, the translator is forced to adapt to working conditions. Adaptation to working conditions practically results in the following types of translation:

written, simultaneous, consecutive and sight translation.

Modifications of consecutive translation are also possible in the form of one-way and two-way translation, paragraph-phrase translation and translation with notes.

Adaptation to the object of application of the translator’s efforts, or to what can be expressed by the formula “What to translate?”, gives rise to other types of translation: artistic, socio-political and scientific-technical.

Although the conditions for the functioning of mental mechanisms (“How to translate?”) and the semasiological connections of linguistic means (“What to translate?”) appear in any translation process independently of each other, nevertheless their compatibility must be taken into account, otherwise the translator will not be able to fulfill his task (for example, a work of art cannot be translated simultaneously or from sight).