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Tolstoy's realism in the depiction of the war of 1812 in the novel “War and Peace” I. “The hero of my story was truth.” Tolstoy about his view of the war in “Sevastopol Stories”, which became decisive in the depiction of war in his work.II. The nature of the depiction of war in

In difficult times, which our Motherland has faced more than once, not only regular troops, but also ordinary people came to its defense. They had nothing to do with the army, but could not live in peace when trouble threatened their home. Partisan detachments were created. At first they arose spontaneously, but after some time they united and grew into large national formations.

Leo Tolstoy described such a guerrilla war to defend his native land against French troops in his novel. He showed how ordinary Russian people, from the first days when enemies came to their native land, rebelled against this, first created small detachments of three to ten people, and then they united into large groups, which the emperor, commander Kutuzov and others were forced to recognize generals.

Under the leadership of Davydov and Dolokhov, these were mobile units that, behind enemy lines, attacked convoys and small military detachments, often obtaining important information, that is, they helped the regular army as best they could. These were completely different people. In ordinary life, many would never have met each other, but in difficult times they all became heroes who did not spare their lives for victory. So, for example, Tikhon Shcherbaty, a simple man who was cunning and resourceful by nature, alone makes his way to the rear of the French to get a “tongue”.

There were completely different people in the partisan detachments: rich, poor, famous, and completely unknown. For various reasons, they united together - some came, like Petya Rostov, for romance, but most simply realized that if they did not defend their home, then trouble would certainly come to it. They fought, defended and died for a just cause. So that their names and prototypes remain in our memory and reach the future, the author created his great work.

Option 2

The work describes the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, in which the writer analyzes the causes and factors of the victory of the Russian people from the point of view of not only the actions of army forces, but also the participation of ordinary ordinary people in the war.

The author vividly illustrates the cruelty and horror of war, but at the same time argues that the result of military battles always depends on the human factor, not only on regular troops, but also on the war waged by isolated people united in small partisan detachments.

The guerrillas' actions contrast sharply with the military tactics of the army, as they fight invaders from behind enemy lines. Methods of guerrilla warfare are characterized by spontaneity and the absence of uniform rules and military laws. The only motive that unites both the military and the partisans is the burning desire to defeat the hated enemy, liberate their native land and live in peace.

The writer describes the relationships of people who fell into the partisan movement using the example of the images of Davydov, Dolokhov, Denisov, Tikhon Shcherbaty, who are opposite people both in position and in views, but united for the defense of the fatherland, understanding that they are fighting and dying for the sake of restoring justice, for the sake of your family and friends.

The characters use different techniques to fight the French invaders, capture military convoys, exterminate small enemy detachments, capture officers in order to obtain the necessary information, but in life they are completely different people. Shcherbaty, having gone on a mission to get a captured Frenchman, having captured an officer and realizing that he does not have the necessary information, easily destroys him. Denisov, being the leader of one of the partisan formations, prohibits the heartless killing of captured invaders. At the same time, both partisan heroes realize that in a similar case no one will spare or regret them.

The characters' reasons for being in the partisans are varied; there are even romantic characters (the character of Peter Rostov), ​​who present the war as a playground. But all participants in the partisan movement of their own free will decide to defend their loved ones and homeland in this way, while each of them has a natural feeling of fear and pain for their comrades, for their own lives, for the fate of the country.

Narrating not only about the famous battles of the Patriotic War won by the Russian army, the writer focuses on the key factor in the final victory over the French. According to the author, the patriotism of members of partisan detachments is an invaluable aid to the active troops, becomes a decisive moment in the turning point of military events and contributes to the expulsion of the French conquerors from the territory of the Russian state.

Essay Guerrilla warfare in Tolstoy's novel War and Peace

Leaving Moscow, the French went further along the Smolensk road, but failures followed them everywhere. The French army slowly disappeared, hunger spared no one, and partisan detachments began to attack, which could be defeated by small detachments of the army.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in his novel describes the events that occurred in two incomplete days. This is a description of the death of Peter Rostov, it is described briefly, but there is so much that is incomprehensible in it and many questions arise. Tolstoy asks why people kill each other and for what. The death of Petka Rostov occurs before the eyes of Dolokhov and Denisov, an unjust and cruel death.

Tolstoy generally says that war is something disgusting and terrible, there is injustice and murder all around. Lev Nikolayevich, describing the partisan war, wrote that it was attended by people who loved their country very much and did not want to be under the yoke of strangers. The partisans were people of various social groups and segments of the population, but they had one common goal, they wanted to drive enemies out of their territory.

The Russian people immediately reacted to the enemy’s invasion and began to unite, organizing partisan detachments in order to defeat the enemy together. The French army had no chance against the people who loved their country. The Russian people especially treat their land, as if they were their own mother who fed them. Perhaps, of course, the French could have won, but everything played against them: illness, hunger and cold, and then the partisans began to attack.

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy wanted to write that no matter what the people are doing, if they need to come to the aid of the Fatherland and defend their rights, they are ready to stand shoulder to shoulder and no matter what, stand to the death.

Tolstoy describes the picture of the war in such a way that fencing between two people lasted for a very long time. One of them understands that he cannot win and this could end in death for him. Then the man decides to throw down the sword and pick up the club, thus defeating the enemy. That is why the French had no chance of winning, because the fencer was French, and the second one, who took the baton, was a Russian man with a huge, open soul.

Not one of the historians was able to unambiguously describe the war, but Lev Nikolaevich decided to do it from the point of view of an ordinary person. In his novel, he showed that the Russian people will be able to stand up for themselves and their Motherland.

After the French left Moscow and moved west along the Smolensk road, the collapse of the French army began. The army was melting before our eyes: hunger and disease pursued it. But worse than hunger and disease were partisan detachments that successfully attacked convoys and even entire detachments, destroying the French army.

In the novel “War and Peace” Tolstoy describes the events of two incomplete days, but how much realism and tragedy there is in that narrative! It shows death, unexpected, stupid, accidental, cruel and unfair: the death of Petya Rostov, which occurs before the eyes of Denisov and Dolokhov. This death is described simply and briefly. This adds to the harsh realism of the writing. Here it is, war. Thus, Tolstoy once again reminds that war is “an event contrary to human reason and all human nature,” war is when people kill. It is terrible, unnatural, unacceptable to man. For what? Why would an ordinary person kill a boy, even from another nation, who stuck out because of his inexperience and courage? Why would a person kill another person? Why does Dolokhov so calmly pronounce the sentence on a dozen captured people: “We won’t take them!” Tolstoy poses these questions to his readers.

The phenomenon of guerrilla warfare fully confirms Tolstoy's historical concept. Guerrilla war is a war of a people who cannot and does not want to live under the invaders. Guerrilla warfare became possible thanks to the awakening in various people, regardless of their social status, of the “swarm” principle, the spirit, the existence of which in every person, in every representative of the nation, Tolstoy was sure. There were different partisans: “there were parties that adopted all the techniques of the army, with infantry, artillery, headquarters, with the conveniences of life; there were only Cossacks and cavalry; there were small ones, teams, on foot and on horseback, there were peasants and landowners... there was a sexton... who took several hundred prisoners. There was the elder Vasilisa, who killed hundreds of French.” The partisans were different, but all of them, driven by different goals and interests, did everything they could to expel the enemy from their land. Tolstoy believed that their actions were caused by innate, instinctive patriotism. People who calmly went about their daily affairs in peacetime arm themselves, kill and drive away their enemies during war. Thus, bees, flying freely across a vast territory in search of nectar, quickly return to their native hive when they learn about the enemy’s invasion.

The French army was powerless against the partisan detachments, just as a bear that climbed into a beehive is powerless against bees. The French could defeat the Russian army in battle, but they could do nothing against hunger, cold, disease and partisans. “The fencing went on for quite a long time; suddenly one of the opponents, realizing that this was not a joke, but concerned his life, threw down his sword, and, taking... a club, began to move it... The fencer was French, his opponent... were Russians..."

Napoleon's army was destroyed thanks to guerrilla warfare - the "club of the people's war." And it is impossible to describe this war from the point of view of the “rules of fencing”; all attempts by historians who wrote about this event were unsuccessful. Tolstoy recognizes guerrilla warfare as the most natural and fair means of the people’s struggle against invaders.

The partisan movement rose in a mighty wave: “The club of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength.” “And it is good for the people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how others acted according to the rules in similar situations, with simplicity and ease, will pick up the first club that comes their way and nail it with it until the feeling of insult and revenge in their soul is replaced by contempt and pity." Tolstoy shows the partisan detachments of Denisov and Dolokhov, talks about the sexton who stood at the head of the detachment, about the elder Vasilisa, who exterminated hundreds of French.

Undoubtedly, the role of the partisan movement during the war is great. Villagers, ordinary men with pitchforks in their hands unconsciously walked towards the enemy. They destroyed the invincible Napoleonic army from within. One of them is Tikhon Shcherbaty, “the most useful and brave man” in Denisov’s detachment. With an ax in his hands, with a boundless thirst for revenge that sometimes develops into cruelty, he walks, runs, flies towards the enemy. He is driven by a natural patriotic feeling. Everyone is charged with his energy, dynamics, determination, and courage.

But among the avenging people there is not only mercilessness, but also humanity, love for one’s neighbor. This is the captured soldier of the Absheron regiment Platon Karataev. His appearance, unique voice, “gently melodious caress” are the opposite, the answer to Tikhon’s rudeness. Plato is an incorrigible fatalist, always ready to “suffer innocently in vain.” He is characterized by hard work, the desire for truth and justice. It seems impossible to imagine Plato as warlike and fighting: his love for humanity is too great, he is the embodiment of “everything Russian, good and round.” L.N. Tolstoy, nevertheless, is still for the people who are fighting, rather than passive, like Karataev: “Good for the people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how others acted according to the rules in similar cases, with simplicity and ease raise the first club they come across and nails it until the feeling of insult and revenge in his soul is replaced by contempt and pity.” It was the people who dared to raise the cudgel against the enemy, but in no case the crowd, which, distraught, greets the king; not the crowd that brutally deals with Vereshchagin; not a crowd that merely imitates participation in hostilities. Among the people, unlike the crowd, there is a unity that unites the beginning and there is no aggression, hostility, or meaninglessness. The victory over the French was not won thanks to the fantastic exploits of individual heroes; it was earned by the “strongest in spirit” Russian people - the bearer of the highest moral values.

“The club of the people’s war rose with all its formidable and majestic strength, and, without asking anyone’s tastes or rules, with stupid simplicity, but with expediency, without considering anything, it rose, fell and nailed the French until the entire invasion was destroyed.” .

Tolstoy gives the main role in victory to the common people, of which the peasant was a prominent representative Tikhon Shcherbaty.

Tolstoy creates a vivid image of the tireless partisan, the peasant Tikhon Shcherbaty, who attached himself to Denisov’s detachment. Tikhon was distinguished by his excellent health, enormous physical strength and endurance. In the fight against the French, he shows dexterity, courage and fearlessness. Typical is Tikhon's story about how four Frenchmen attacked him “with skewers,” and he went at them with an ax. This echoes the image of a Frenchman - a Fencer and a Russian wielding a baton.

Tikhon is the artistic concretization of the “club of the people’s war.” Lidia Dmitrievna Opulskaya wrote: “Tikhon is a completely clear image. He seems to personify that “club of the people’s war” that rose up and nailed the French with terrible force until the entire invasion was destroyed. He himself, voluntarily, asked to join Vasily Denisov’s detachment. The detachment, which constantly attacked enemy convoys, had a lot of weapons. But Tikhon didn’t need it - he acts differently, and his duel with the French, when it was necessary to get the “tongue,” is quite in the spirit of Tolstoy’s general arguments about the people’s war of liberation: “Let’s go, I say, to the colonel. How loud he will be. And there are four of them here. They rushed at me with skewers. “I hit them with an ax in this manner: why are you, Christ is with you,” Tikhon cried out, waving and frowning menacingly, sticking out his chest.”

He was the “most needed person” in the partisan detachment, because he knew how to do everything: build fires, get water, skin horses for food, cook it, make wooden utensils, deliver prisoners. It is precisely such workers of the earth, created only for a peaceful life, who become defenders of the Motherland.

Specialty: “Economics, accounting, control.”

Literature abstract on the topic:

Guerrilla movement in the work

L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”

Completed

student of group 618

GOU Z.A.M.T.a

Alexandrovsky Ivan

The plan according to which the abstract was compiled:

Introduction: the partisan movement is part of the people's liberation movement directed against the French. Historical events in Russia in 1812. Events in the epic novel “War and Peace” (volume 4, part 3) The role and significance of the partisan movement in the victory over the French.

Introduction:

The beginning of the partisan movement.

Events in the novel.

L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” fully and briefly describes the actions of partisan detachments. “The period of the campaign of the 12th year from the Battle of Borodino to the expulsion of the French proved that a won battle is not only not the reason for conquest, but is not even a permanent sign of conquest; proved that the power that decides the fate of peoples lies not in conquerors, not even in armies and battles, but in something else.” From the time of the abandonment of Smolensk, partisan warfare began, the entire course of the campaign does not fit any “former legends of wars.” Napoleon felt this, and “from the very time when he stopped in Moscow in the correct fencing position and instead of the enemy’s sword he saw a club raised above him, he never ceased to complain to Kutuzov and Emperor Alexander that the war was waged contrary to all the rules (as as if there were any rules for killing people).

On August 24, Davydov’s first partisan detachment was established, and after his detachment others began to be established. Denisov also leads one of the partisan detachments. Dolokhov is in his squad. Denisov's partisans track down French transport with a large load of cavalry equipment and Russian prisoners and choose the most convenient moment to attack. To prepare even better, Denisov sends one of his partisans, Tikhon Shcherbaty, “to get the language.” The weather is rainy, autumn. While Denisov is waiting for his return, a feeder arrives at the detachment with a package from the general. Denisov is surprised to recognize Petya Rostov in the officer. Petya tries to behave “like an adult”, all the way he prepares himself for how he will behave with Denisov, without hinting at a previous acquaintance. But at the sight of the joy that Denisov shows, Petya forgets the formality and asks Denisov to leave him in the detachment for the day, although he blushes at the same time (the reason for this was that the general, who was afraid for his life, sending Petya with a package, strictly strictly ordered him to return immediately and not to get involved in any “business”), Petya remains. At this time, Tikhon Shcherbaty returns - the partisans sent on reconnaissance see him running away from the French, who are firing at him with all their guns. It turns out that Tikhon captured the prisoner yesterday, but Tikhon did not bring him alive to the camp. Tikhon tries to get another “tongue”, but he is discovered. Tikhon Shcherbaty was one of the most necessary people in the detachment. They picked up Shcherbaty in a small village. The headman of this village met Denisov unfriendly at first, but when he says that his goal is to beat the French and asks if the French had wandered into their region, the headman replies that “there were peacemakers,” but that in their village only Tishka Shcherbaty was engaged in these things. By order of Denisov, Shcherbaty is brought in, he explains that “we don’t do anything bad to the French... we just did it this way, which means we fooled around with the guys out of pleasure. We definitely beat about a dozen Miroders, otherwise we didn’t do anything bad.” At first, Tikhon does all the menial work in the detachment: laying fires, delivering water, etc., but then shows “a very great desire and ability for guerrilla warfare.” “He went out at night to hunt for prey and every time he brought with him French clothes and weapons, and when he was ordered, he also brought prisoners.” Denisov frees Tikhon from work, begins to take him with him on travels, and then enlists him in the Cossacks. One day, while trying to take the tongue, Tikhon is wounded “in the flesh of the back,” killing a man. Petya realized for a moment that Tikhon had killed a man, he felt embarrassed.” Dolokhov will arrive soon. Dolokhov invites the “gentlemen officers” to ride with him to the French camp. He has two French uniforms with him. According to Dolokhov, he wants to be better prepared for the offensive, because “he likes to do things carefully.” Petya immediately volunteers to go with Dolokhov and, despite all the persuasion of Denisov and other officers, stands his ground. Dolokhov sees Vincent and expresses bewilderment as to why Denisov is taking prisoners: after all, they need to be fed. Denisov replies that he is sending the prisoners to army headquarters. Dolokhov reasonably objects: “You send a hundred of them, and thirty will come. They will starve or be beaten. So, is it all the same not to take them?” Denisov agrees, but adds: “I don’t want to take it on my soul... You say they’ll die... Just as long as it’s not from me.” Dressed in French uniforms, Dolokhov and Petya go to the enemy camp. They drive up to one of the fires and talk to the soldiers in French. Dolokhov behaves boldly and fearlessly, begins to directly question the soldiers about their number, the location of the ditch, etc. Petya waits with horror every minute for discovery, but it never comes. Both return to their camp unharmed. Petya enthusiastically reacts to Dolokhov’s “feat” and even kisses him. Rostov goes to one of the Cossacks and asks him to sharpen his saber, since he will need it in business the next day. The next morning he asks Denisov to entrust him with something. In response, he orders Petya to obey him and not interfere anywhere. The signal to attack is heard, and at the same moment Petya, forgetting about Denisov’s order, sets off his horse at full speed. At full gallop, he flies into the village where he and Dolokhov went the night before. Petya really wants to distinguish himself, but he just can’t do it. Behind one of the fences, the French ambush the Cossacks who are crowding at the gate. Petya sees Dolokhov. He shouts to him that he needs to wait for the infantry. Instead, Petya shouts: “Hurray!” and rushes forward. The Cossacks and Dolokhov run into the gates of the house after him. The French run, but Petit’s horse slows down and he falls to the ground. A bullet breaks through his head, and literally a few moments later he dies. Denisov is horrified, he remembers , as Petya shared with the hussars raisins sent from home, and cried. Among the prisoners who were freed by Denisov’s detachment, it turns out that Pierre Bezukhov. Pierre spent a lot of time in captivity. Of the 330 people who left Moscow, less than 100 remained alive. Pierre's legs are knocked down and covered with sores, and wounded people are being shot around every now and then. Karataev falls ill and weakens every day. But his situation became more difficult, the more terrible the night was, the more, regardless of the position in which he was, joyful, calming thoughts, memories and ideas came to him.” At one of the rest stops, Karataev tells the story of a merchant who was sent to prison on charges of murder. The merchant did not commit murder, but suffered innocently. He humbly endured all the trials that befell him, and once he met with a convict and told him his fate. The convict, having heard the details of the case from the old man, admits that it was he who killed the man for whom the merchant was sent to prison; falls at his feet and asks for forgiveness. The old man replies that “we are all sinners to God, I suffer for my sins.” However, the criminal is announced to his superiors and confesses that he “ruined six souls.” While the case is being reviewed, time passes, and when the king issues a decree to release the merchant and reward him, it turns out that he has already died - “God has forgiven him.” Karataev can no longer go further. The next morning, Denisov’s detachment defeats the French and frees the prisoners. The Cossacks “surrounded the prisoners and hastily offered some clothes, some boots, some bread.” “Pierre sobbed, sitting among them and could not utter a word; he hugged the first soldier who approached him and, crying, kissed him.” Dolokhov, meanwhile, counts the captured French, his gaze “flashes with a cruel brilliance.” A grave is dug in the garden for Petya Rostov and he is buried. On October 28, frosts begin, and the flight of the French from Russia takes on an even more tragic character. The commanders abandon their soldiers and try to save their lives. Although Russian troops surrounded the fleeing French army, they did not destroy it and did not capture Napoleon, his generals and others. This was not the purpose of the War of 1812. The goal was not to capture the military leaders and destroy the army, which most of them had already died from cold and hunger, but to drive out the invasion from Russian soil.

The role and significance of guerrilla warfare.

The feat of Petya Rostov, Tikhon Shcherbaty, and many other heroes in general served as an incentive to fight Napoleon.

Thus, the partisan movement represented by the entire Russian people, as well as representatives of the nobility, influenced the course of the War of 1812 and played an important role in the defeat of the French army.

Bibliography:

The work of L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace” (Volume 4, part 3) The work of L. G. Beskrovny “Partisans in the Patriotic War of 1812” From the Internet: report on the topic: “Patriotic War of 1812” Memoirs of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushin.