Suffix chick or ik. Unstressed vowels in suffixes. Noun suffixes in Russian

1. Suffix -ik (-nick, -chick) when declined, retains the vowel sound, suffix -ek has a fluent vowel. For example:

a) table - table, finger - finger, schoolboy - schoolboy;
b) edge - edge, leaf - leaf, cornflower - cornflower, ravine - ravine.

2. In masculine nouns it is written -ets(with a fluent vowel), in feminine nouns - -its, in neuter nouns – -ets, if the stress falls on the syllable after the suffix, and -its, if the stress precedes the suffix. For example:

a) highlander - highlander, European - European;
b) owner, beauty, icy, hard worker;
c) finger O, scribe O, cr e slit, pl A titse.

3. Suffix -ichk- written in feminine nouns formed from words with a suffix -its-, in other cases the suffix is ​​written -echk-. For example:

a) staircase - staircase, button - button;
b) pawn, three; Vanechka, Zoechka; some time, hello.

Note 1. Forms like Fenichka (in Turgenev) are among the obsolete.

Note 2. Unstressed suffix -cell- not in Russian.

Note 3. In abbreviated male names ending in -ik, is also preserved in their diminutive forms, for example: Edichka (from Edik), Alichka (from Alik), Dodichka (from Dodik).

4. Combination -inc- written in nouns formed from feminine words in -in- and the combination -enk- written in diminutive nouns formed using a suffix -To- from feminine words to -nya And -on, in which in the genitive plural the soft sign is not written at the end (see § 36, paragraph 4). For example:

a) depression - depression, blockage - blockage;
b) cherry - cherry - cherry, pine - pine - pine.

Note. Combination -enk- it is also written in some animate feminine nouns with a different formation, for example: sissy, beggar, Frenchwoman, nun; also fermented baked milk.

5. In affectionate nouns it is written:

a) suffix -onk-, less often -enk-- after hard consonants, for example: birch - birch, fox - little fox, Marfa - Marfenka;
b) suffix -enk-- after soft consonants, hissing and vowels, for example: Katya - Katenka, cloud - cloud, Zoya - Zoenka.

Note. Suffixes -ynk-, -ank-, -ink- in modern literary language no; forms Polosinka, Lisanka, Marfinka, Lyubinka, Anninka, etc. found only in the works of classics and folklore.

Exceptions: bunny, bunny, good girl.

6. In nouns with the meaning of person by occupation it is written:

a) suffix -chick– after consonants d, t, h, s, g, for example: traveler, bookbinder, carrier, peddler, defector. Before the Suffix -chick final consonant stems k, ts, h are replaced T. For example: tavern - tavern keeper, card file - card file holder, distribution - distributor;
b) suffix -schik– after other consonants, for example: bath attendant, bricklayer, welder, stamper.

Note 1. In some words with foreign roots after T is written -schik, if it is preceded by two consonants, for example: alimony, pawnbroker, flutemaker.

Note 2. Before -schik is written b only after l, for example: roofer, textile worker.

7. Writing -nie (-anie, -enie) or -nye (-anye, -enye) in suffixes of verbal nouns it is associated either with a semantic difference or with stylistic differentiation.

1) In terms of meaning, they are different: boiling, baking, pickling [the process is the same as “cooking”, “baking”, “salting” - jam, cookies, pickles (the result of the process, the product); resurrection (action according to the verb to resurrect) – Sunday (day of the week); salary (award, award) - salary (monetary reward for work)], etc.

2) Book words are written with a suffix -nie, everyday words - with a suffix -nye, For example:

2a) education, achievement, slowdown, eradication, formation, prosperity, differentiation, decline, adoption, formation, division, phenomenon;
2b) floundering, running, cooing, twitching, croaking, grunting, yelping, snorting, hawking, giggling, chomping, chirping, shushing, clicking.

8. The spelling of words with rare suffixes is checked in the dictionary, for example: turtledove, mokryad, sister-in-law.

The following can be distinguished rules for correct spelling of noun suffixes:
1) spelling of vowels in noun suffixes;
2) spelling of consonants in noun suffixes.

Spelling vowels in noun suffixes.

The suffixes “chik”, “ik” are written only when the vowel does not change in all forms when declension of nouns:
crystal (krystallika), hut (shalashika);
if, when changing a word, the vowel drops out, then the suffix “ek” is written:
bell, knife, bag, gift, horn, knot, pea (pea), buddy (buddy).

Alternation of consonants occurs in the root of nouns such as lamb, rozhochek x - sh, k - ch, ts - ch, so they have the suffix “ek”, “ik”, and not “check” “chik” (For example: Tank - tank) .

For masculine nouns, the suffix “ec” is written, while the vowel “e” in the suffix disappears during declination, and the suffix “its” for feminine nouns (the vowel “i” is always preserved).
Let's give an example: little book (little books), beauty (beauties), owner (owner), capitalist (capitalist), frost, storyteller.

For neuter nouns, the suffix “ets” is written if the stress falls on the ending, and the suffix “its” is written if the stress precedes the suffix.
Let's give an example: an armchair, a dress, a coat, a letter, a gun.

For feminine nouns, the suffix “ichk” is written if it is formed from stems ending in “its”.
Let's give an example: umnichka (clever girl), ladder (ladder). In all other cases the suffix “ech” is written.
Let's give an example: strainer (sieve), peshechka (pawn), and also in formations from words starting with “mya”.
Let's give an example: shoulder, crown, badge, shoulder;
in proper names: Zoechka, Lenochka, Kolechka, Katechka, Fenechka, Yulechka.

Notes:

1. The same rule can be applied for the complex suffix “nichk”: waffle iron (waffle iron), sugar bowl (sugar bowl).

2. Writing proper names with the suffix “ichk” like Yulichka, Fenichka in modern language is non-normative.

3. In Russian there is no unstressed suffix “yachk”.
The suffix “onk” is written for nouns whose root ends in a hard consonant: berezonka, little head, girl, kitchenette, Lizonka, fox, kosonka; but: Marfa - Marfenka. The suffix "enk" is written for nouns whose roots end in a soft consonant or a hissing: Valenka, dorogenka, daughter, night, girlfriend, Sashenka.
Exception: bunny, bunny, good girl.

Notes:

1. Forms with the suffix “enk” are formed only from the words mom, dad: mummy, daddy. The forms mamanka, papanka are colloquial, mamonka is dialectal.

2. The spellings Anninka, fox, Marfinka, polosinka and the like, found in the works of classical writers, are non-normative, since the suffixes “ank”, “ynk”, “ink” do not exist in the modern language.

In diminutive forms formed from nouns ending in “nya” with the help of the suffix “k”, ь is written if it is in the genitive plural: alms (alms), nanny (nans), pystinka (deserts), apple tree (apple trees), young lady (young ladies), village (villages), melon (melons), kitchenette (kitchens),

If in the genitive case the plural “b” is not written, then it is not used before the suffix “k”: basenka (basen), bashenka (towers), kolokolenka (bells), bathing (bathes), pashenka (pashen), song ( songs), chapel(s).

The combination ink (suffixes “in” and “k”) is written in words that are formed from feminine nouns ending in (a): bead (bead), bead (bead), pea (pea), pearl (pearl), raisin, tonsil, clearing, abrasion; By analogy, the words snowflake (here the suffix “ink”, since there is no word snowflake), turtledove, fluff are formed. In a few words the suffix “enk” is written: refugee, nun, sissy, beggar, Frenchwoman, Circassian.

Spelling of consonants in noun suffixes.

The suffix “chik” is written for nouns whose stems end in d, t, z, s, zh: scout, machine gunner, barman, counter, greaser, subscriber.

Note. The consonants k and ch before the suffix -chik- alternate with t: getter (prey), kabatchik (tavern). The suffix -shchik- is written for nouns whose stem ends in other consonants (except d, t, z, s, zh): atom-shchik, wardrobe-shchik, trainer-shchik, mason-shchik, lamp-shchik, hack-shchik .

Note. Before the suffix “shchik” ь is written only after l: roofer, sawyer, shirker, textile worker.
Nouns formed from adjective stems have the following suffixes:

"outside": whiteness, blueness, curvature, novelty;
"in": rapidity, depth, antiquity, gray hair, thickness;
“from”: redness, shallowness, drowsiness, directness, blindness;
"awn": dilapidation, wildness, homeliness, smallishness, angularity; as well as from the basics of participles: excited, well-mannered, isolated.
Formations from the stems of adjectives with the suffix “nost” are also possible: futurity (future), universality, ardor, readiness, community.

Nouns formed from the stems of verbs have suffixes written:
-ness-: beggary, primacy (from begging, excelling);
-rel-: running around (from running), dirtying, swearing, knocking.
-stv- (-ovstv-): theft, witchcraft, extravagance, matchmaking, boasting, buffoonery, appearance (obsolete from appear);
-ess-: scam (from swindle), handicraft, loafing, fraud, pickiness; also from the bases of adjectives: excess, power.

Note. It is recommended to memorize the spelling of words like brew, mash, formed from verbs using the suffixes -iv-, -ev-. Here are some of them: zharevo, lace, smoking, fuel.

Words with the suffixes -ek-/-ik- always raise a lot of questions among schoolchildren. Moreover, not every adult knows in what cases this or that morpheme is written. That is why we decided to devote this article to this topic.

General information

Name 2 words with the suffix -ik-. It should be noted that this is not difficult to do, but only if you know the basic rule of the Russian language, which explains the spelling of the letters “i” and “e” in a given morpheme. After all, some people constantly make the same mistakes, and instead of “key” they write “key”, instead of “bush” - “kustek”, “ball” - “ball”, and so on. That is why special attention is paid to this topic in the school curriculum.

When should you use the letter "i"?

What words with the suffixes -ek-/-ik- do you know? These include the following: sofa, granddaughter, son, brick, pea, knife, pencil, bell, leaf, lump, hammer, flower, leaf, bush, light, whistle, stem, key, boy, nose, cucumber, chair, finger , piece, face, bag, ball, handkerchief, pie, bridge, curl, airplane, screw, bow, rain, nut, kindergarten, kitten, etc.

As you may have noticed, every word mentioned with the suffix -ik- raises serious doubts about its correct spelling. After all, this morpheme is in an unstressed position, and therefore it is impossible to determine which vowel should be placed at the end - “i” or “e” (and maybe “o”?). That is why we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the relevant rules of the Russian language.

Basic Rule

A word with the suffix -ik- should be written only if the vowel letter “i” is preserved when it is declined. For clarity, here are specific examples:

• pencil - pencilIka;
• sofa - sofa;
• cucumber - cucumber;
• kalachik - kalachIka;
• bush - bush;
• spout - spout;
• high chair - high chair;
• finger - finger;
• face - face;
• boy - boy;
• key - key;
• ball - ball;
• airplane - airplane;
• leaf - leaf;
• screw - screw;
• bow - bowIka;
• bridge - bridge;
• brick - brick;
• rain - rain;
• kindergarten - kindergarten, etc.

When should you use the letter "e"?

We talked about how you can check a word with the suffix -ik- just above. However, it should be noted that in the Russian language there are often lexical units that have the morpheme -ek-. And in order to make sure that the letter “e” is actually written in these words, it is also recommended to decline them. If it is fluent (that is, it falls out), then only the suffix -ek- should be used.

Here are some illustrative examples:

• bell - bell;
• granddaughter - granddaughter;
• light - little light;
• peas - peas;
• knife - knife;
• lump - lump;
• whistle - whistle;
• hammer - hammer;
• leaflet - leaflet;
• nut - nut;
• son - son;
• stalk - stalk;
• piece - piece;
• pouch - pouch;
• flower - flower;
• handkerchief - handkerchief;
• pie - pie;
• kitten - kitten and so on.

As you can see, it is quite easy to determine which word is spelled with the suffix -ik-, and which is written with the suffix -ek-. By the way, such morphemes in Russian are called alternating. Unlike unchangeable ones, their spelling depends on certain situations (in this case, on the preservation of the vowel when declension of the word).

with the suffix -ok-

Above we looked at words with the suffix -ik-. -Ok- is also a morpheme. However, during word formation, such a suffix does not raise any doubts. What is this connected with? The fact is that the presented morpheme almost always occupies a stressed position. As a result, the letter “o” in the suffix -ok- is heard as clearly as possible. For clarity, here are a few examples:

• cam;
• top;
• son;
• hammer;
• arrowOK;
• roosterOK;
• foolOK;
• BereOK;
• chalk;
• connoisseur;
• snowOk;
• hook;
• TeremOk, etc.

Suffixes -ek- and -ok- after pinching consonants

You know what words with the suffix -ik-, -ek- and -ok- exist. However, here a new question arises: “In which cases in the last two morphemes should the letter “e” be placed after the sibilants, and in which cases should the letter “o” be placed? After all, it is quite difficult to determine which will be correct: cockerel or cockerel. What is this connected with? The fact is that during the pronunciation of such lexical units, both the letter “e” and the letter “o” after hissing consonants are heard as [o].

Rule for spelling vowels “e” and “o” after sibilants

If the suffix after a hissing consonant is stressed, then only the morpheme -ok- should be written. Let's give a clear example:

• BereOK;
• roosterOK;
• cam;
• top;
• manOK;
• top;
• old man;
• worm;
• boot;
• foolOK;
• bounce;
• jointOK;
• son;
• snowOk;
• hook and others.

As for the suffix -ek-, it is placed only in those words in which it is not stressed, and if such a lexical unit loses a vowel during declension.

For clarity, here is an example:

• knife
• nut
• grandsons;
• peas;
• bell;
• lump;
• hammer;
• sheetPoints;
• light;
• whistle;
• sonGlass;
• colorPoints;
• stem;
• a piece;
• bag;
• ovrAzhek;
• handkerchief;
• pie;
• kitten and others.

Ways to form words using the suffix -ok-

How are such words formed? Nouns with the suffix -ik-/-ek- arise by adding a morpheme to. As a result, we get a new lexical unit, but in a diminutive meaning (for example, sofa, lump, granddaughter, leaf, hammer, bell, etc.).

As for the suffix -ok-, it gives slightly different meanings:

• Diminutiveness accompanied by an expression of endearment (let’s give an example: seagull, brother, son-in-law, mushroom, leaf, etc.).
• Action (let's give an example: yawn, throw, kick, sip, jerk, smear, push, jump, slap, jump, click, clap, etc.).
• An object, or rather the result of an action (we give an example: a fragment, a skein, a stump, a sketch, a cast, an imprint, a stitch, a village, a settlement, etc.).
• An object, or rather an instrument of action (let's give an example: whistle, bell, buzzer, etc.).
• An object, or rather a subject of action (for example, a float, a slider, a sprout, etc.).
• Venue (skating rink).
• Diminutive or only affectionate meaning (for example, Ninok, Vitek, Lidok, Igorok, Sashok, etc.).
• The person who performs the action (for example, rider, eater, shooter, player, walker, etc.).
• A person that arises as a result of an action (for example, a premature child, a geek, an overgrown child, a short child, a teenager, etc.).
• Persons characterized by a quality contained in a motivating word (for example, ancestor, descendant, etc.).
• An object characterized by a feature that is called motivating (for example, game, white, yolk, etc.).
• A substance that is named by a motivating noun (for example, chalk).
• A unit that stands out in nouns and denotes a group of identical objects. Moreover, there are exactly as many of them as are called motivating (for example, heels, tens, etc.).

Suffixes are one of the most common word-forming tools in the Russian language. They actively participate in the formation of various parts of speech, including nouns. They can change the meaning of a word, or they can simply give it connotative shades - to understand how this works, you need to have a good understanding of the topic.

Noun suffixes in Russian

According to their functions, they are divided into two large groups.

First- These are suffixes that form nouns from nouns, adjectives or verbs, forming a word with a new meaning. For example, from the word fish the noun fisherman is formed.

To the second group includes suffixes that form nouns from nouns, but also with giving the new word a special emotional connotation - tenderness, disdain, diminutive, etc. - fox - little fox, rogue - rogue.

This group of suffixes is also called suffixes of subjective assessment, which fully reflects their function: by using a word with such a suffix, a person can easily express his attitude towards an object, creature or situation.

Rules for spelling noun suffixes

This is a rather difficult topic to understand, and the table “Suffixes of Nouns” will help you cope with it.

Some suffixes serve to form grammatical forms - plural (seed - seeds) or genitive (daughter - daughters).

What have we learned?

Noun suffixes can form words with a new meaning from nouns, adjectives or verbs, or they can form words with a similar meaning but a different emotional connotation. There are many rules for writing suffixes to remember.

Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech except -Н-/-НН- is included in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language for grade 11 (task 10).

Spelling noun suffixes

In nouns, the spelling of the suffixes -EK-/-IK- is most often checked. The suffixes -OK- and -ON- are written in a unique way.

Spelling of suffixes -EK- and -IK-

If you put a noun in the genitive singular case, and the vowel in the suffix has disappeared, then the suffix -EK- is written in the word. Otherwise - the suffix -IK-.

For example:

• Klyuchik is the suffix -IK-, since in the singular genitive case “Klyuchik” the vowel in the suffix does not disappear.
• Zamochka is the suffix -EK-, since in the singular genitive case “zamochka” the vowel in the suffix is ​​missing.

The suffixes -NIK-, -CHIK-, -SHCHIK-, -IN-, -ITs-, -ETS- can be checked in the same way.

Spelling adjective suffixes

In adjectives, the spelling of the suffixes -K-, -SK- and -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EV-/-IV- is most often checked.

Spelling of suffixes -K- and -SK-

If the adjective is qualitative (that is, it has degrees of comparison) or it was formed from a noun with a stem ending in K, Ch or C, then the suffix -K- is written. Otherwise the suffix -SK- is written.

For example:

• Low – the suffix -K-, because the adjective is qualitative.
• German - the suffix -K-, because the adjective was formed from the noun German ending in C.
• French - the suffix -SK-, since the adjective is not qualitative and it was formed from the noun French, the stem of which does not end in K, Ch or C.

Spelling of suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV-, -CHAT-, -EV-, -IV-

The suffixes -LIV-, -CHIV- and -CHAT- are always written in a unique way.

For example:

• Quirky - suffix -LIV-
• Assiduous - suffix -CHIV-
• Onion – suffix -CHAT-

The suffix -EV- is written only without stress, and the suffix -IV- is written only under stress. Exceptions: merciful, holy fool.

For example:

• Flannel - suffix -EB-, because no accent
• Truthful – suffix -IV-, because. under stress

The main thing is to distinguish the suffixes -EV-/-IV- and -LIV-, -CHIV- from each other. To do this, you need to correctly perform morphemic analysis of the word.

Spelling of participle suffixes

In participles, the spelling of the suffixes -A-, -Ya-, -E- and -OM-, -EM-, -IM-, -USCH-, -YUSCH-, -ASCH-, -YASCH- is most often checked.

Spelling of suffixes A, Z and E

To check the vowel in a suffix, you need to look at the initial form of the verb (infinitive) and see what suffix is ​​used there. If the verb ends in -AT or -YAT, then A or Z is written in the participle suffix. In all other cases, E is written in the participle suffix. In participles and gerunds, before the suffix -VSH- the same suffix is ​​used as in the infinitive.

For example:

• Confused – suffix -A-, as it is formed from confuse (ends in -AT)
• Sown – suffix -Я-, as it is formed from sow (ends with -YAT)
• Glued - suffix -E-, as it is formed from glue (does not end in -AT or -YAT)

Spelling of the suffixes -OM-, -EM-, -IM- and -USH-, -YUSH-, -ASH-, -YASH-

To check which vowel is written in the suffix, you need to determine the conjugation of the verb from which the participle is formed. If the verb is of the first conjugation, then the suffixes -OM-, -EM- and -USH-, -YUSH- are used, if the verb is of the second conjugation, then -IM- and -ASh-, -YASH-.

For example:

• Dependent – ​​suffix -IM-, as it is formed from the verb depend 2 conjugations
• Cherished – suffix -EM-, as it is formed from the verb cherish 1st conjugation
• Melting snow – suffix -YUSH-, as it is formed from the verb melt 1st conjugation
• Gluing – suffix -YASH-, as it is formed from the verb to glue 2 conjugations

Spelling adverb suffixes

In adverbs, the spelling of the suffixes -O- and -A- is usually checked.

Spelling of suffixes -O- and -A-

If an adverb is formed in a suffixal way (only using a suffix), then the suffix -O- is written. If an adverb is formed by the prefix-suffix method (using a prefix and a suffix at the same time), then with the prefixes IZ-, DO- and S- the suffix is ​​written -A-, and with the prefixes B-, NA- and ZA- the suffix -O- is written.

For example:

• Since ancient times - formed from the adjective long ago in a prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix IZ- the suffix -A- is written.
• To the right - formed from the adjective right in a prefix-suffix way, and with the prefix NA- the suffix -O- is written.
• Initially - it was formed from the adjective original in a suffixal way (although the word has the prefix IZ-, it was already in the adjective), so the suffix -O- is written.

Spelling of suffixes of verbs and gerunds

In verbs, the spelling of the suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA- is usually checked.

Spelling of the suffixes -EVA-/-OVA- and -IVA-/-YVA-

To check the vowel in the suffix of a verb, you need to put it in the first person singular form. If the suffix disappears, then it is written -EVA- or -OVA-, if the suffix remains, then -IVA- or -YVA-. In nouns, participles and gerunds formed from verbs with these suffixes, the suffixes are written according to the same rule.

For example:

• Grieve – the suffix -EVA-, since in the first person singular form it disappears (I grieve)
• Assimilate – the suffix -IVA-, since in the first person singular form it is preserved (I assimilate)

It is worth distinguishing the suffixes -EVA- and -IVA- from the suffixes -E-/-I- and -VA-. If you can remove -BA- from a verb, and such a word exists, then it has 2 suffixes -E-/-I- and -VA-, otherwise there is only one suffix.

Spelling suffixes in past tense verbs

The vowel in the suffix of a past tense verb can be checked by placing the verb in the infinitive. The past tense verb uses the same suffix as the infinitive before -t.

For example: offended - suffix -E-, since in the infinitive to offend the suffix -E- is written.