Phraseologisms and catchphrases. Differences between proverbs and phraseological units and catchphrases How do phraseological units differ from catchphrases

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 6"

Oktyabrsky district of Saratov _______

410017, Saratov, st. Simbirtseva, 34; tel. 20-39-35, fax (845-2) 20-39-04; E - mail :

The use of phraseological units in animal images

Teacher of Russian language and literature
secondary general education

School No. 6 in Saratov.

Home address:

G. Saratov, Chapaeva, 7, kV. 6

Saratov 2015

Introduction ……………………………………………………………....3

Chapter I. Use of phraseological units in animal images………5

§I.Phraseology as a science………………………………………………………7

§ II. Founders of phraseological dictionaries…………………7

§III. Types of phraseological units……………………………………………...9

§IV. Origin of zoomorphisms…………………………………..12

§V. The difference between phraseological units and popular expressions and proverbs

and sayings…………………………………………………………….14

Chapter II. Research part…………………………………………………….16

Conclusion …………………………………………………………19

List of used literature ………………………21

Phraseologisms – pearls, nuggets

and gems of the native language.

A.I. Efimov.

Introduction

In the middle of the 20th century. Scientists studying our language have seen that, in addition to the huge number of words that make up the language, there is also a special layer - several tens of thousands of stable combinations of words, which, like words, help us build speech. Moreover, the speech is figurative and capacious.

Of course, the existence of such expressions was known before. Even the great M.V. Lomonosov said that they should be included in dictionaries. He called them “Russian proverbs,” “phrases,” and “idioms.” The latter term is derived from the Greek word idioma, which means “peculiar.”

How do words merge into stable combinations? How are phraseological images born? The answers to these questions are directly related to the culture of speech and the history of Russian culture. The image of a particular phraseological unit is often a mirror reflection of the facts of Russian history, folklore and literature. This language mirror will also tell you the answer to the eternal question “Are we speaking correctly?” There are quite a lot of stable combinations and require a systematic approach to study.

Interest in this material attracted the attention of many scientists, and thus a new branch of the science of language was born - phraseology.

Phraseology is a young science, it is about fifty years old. But over the years, many issues have been resolved, a huge amount of material has been studied, but not all the secrets have been discovered. The challenges facing phraseology are still very great. Its development is connected with the works of Academician V.V. Vinogradov, he was the first to identify the types of phraseological units of the Russian language.

Historical phraseology is one of the most undeveloped areas of knowledge in the theory of stable combinations. Methods of scientific phraseology are just beginning to be developed. Connoisseurs and experts of folk wisdom V.I. Dal, I.M. Snegirev, V.V. Vinogradov and many others have accumulated rich material and many deep observations that open the way to the origins of phraseological units.

Over the past decades, phraseology has grown into an extensive branch of the science of language. Scientists working in this area study phraseological units using different methods: they compare figurative expressions of related and unrelated languages, study the grammatical and formal properties of these expressions, count the frequency of their use, and identify the peculiarities of the use of phraseological units by individual writers.

One of the founders of phraseology, B.A. Larin, called for a systematic analysis of the history of words and expressions. To prove any hypothesis about the origin of a word, it is necessary to establish the pattern of sound, word-formation and semantic models according to which it was formed.

Phraseologisms with animal names are often called zoomorphisms or animalisms. The subject of the study of this work is phraseological units, which include lexical components with the names of animals.

Phraseology helps broaden one's horizons, makes speech lively, expressive, and emotional. A person who knows the phraseology of his native language, knows how to use it, expresses his thoughts easily, and will not reach into his pocket for words.

The relevance of the study is closely related to the life of the language, history and culture of society. The frequent use of phraseological units (zoomorphisms) in speech is not always clear; they have a double meaning; if used in a slightly different situation, it can become a curiosity. Phraseologisms are evaluative in nature, consist of several words, but are accurate and “economical”.

Goal of the work:

identification of characteristic features of the historical origin of a group of phraseological units associated with images of the animal world, which can be combined into one thematic group, based on a historical analysis of their formation on the principle of analogies and associations.

1. Identify phraseological units that include lexical components with names of animals;

2. Analyze phraseological units by origin;

4. Conduct a survey in grade 5 “B” and analyze whether students know the meanings of phraseological units (how often they use them in their speech.).

Chapter I. The use of phraseological units in animal images.

To understand the meaning of phraseological units, you need to consult dictionaries. If all Russian phraseology is divided into thematic groups, then there will be the most images from the animal world. People have been in an indissoluble connection with animals for thousands of years. So, among the plants he found wolfberries, hare cabbage, snapdragons, blackberries, crow's feet... When erecting structures, man willingly called them “animal names”: he called the bridge abutments a bull, the device for pulling water out of a well - a crane, the lifting mechanism - a winch , gun sight - front sight, etc.

The animal was also a measure of human qualities, both physical and moral. “The goose, the clawed goose, is a man of his own mind. Duck - with a rolling gait. A chicken, a wet chicken, is a lethargic and insignificant person. The swan is a beauty. Pava is an arrogant beauty...” - these are just some of the animals to which, according to V.I. Dahl’s notes, people attributed their qualities.

However, as soon as a person indulges in any vice, society immediately returns to him the title of animal. Moreover, the most offensive characteristics are chosen from among the domestic animals that obediently and faithfully serve the man of the millennium. So the words cattle and cattle become curse words.

People have long called fools rams: Diogenes even called one rich ignorant ram with the golden fleece. And the sheep is known among many nations as a symbol of stupidity.

The expression “like a ram at a new gate” means bewildered, stupid, not understanding anything, looking without thinking, etc.

One of the most common and used categories of phraseological units is stable comparisons. The conjunction immediately gives the name of the animal a phraseological appearance. “Silent as a fish,” we say about the silent person. Phraseology researchers have found convincing Greek parallels for this phraseological unit, but the Greeks said “mute as a statue.” Perhaps the expression “dumb as a fish” is evidence of ancient contacts between the Slavs, who went from the Varangians to the Greeks?

Scientists have proven that in many cases the similarity of sayings, fables, and legends turns out to be not genetic, but typological. The imaginative logic of people of different nationalities is capable of creating universal models of comparison. The similarity of many phraseological units in different languages ​​is based on the commonality of human observations of animal habits. Tired like a dog, black like a raven, hungry like a wolf, stubborn like a ram - these comparative phrases exist in different languages.

However, the phraseological unit is water off a duck's back is unlikely to be found in other languages, because this is a fragment of a purely Russian healer’s conspiracy that protected a child from the evil eye. Even now, some mothers, while bathing their baby, say: “Water off a duck’s back, thinness off you.”

The expression “Spinning (spinning, spinning) like a squirrel in a wheel. To be in constant troubles, activities, worries. Or sometimes they say: “A crow in peacock feathers.” A person who is trying in vain to seem more important, significant than he really is, trying to play a more important role that is not characteristic of him. “Changing a cuckoo for a hawk” means choosing the worst from the bad, making mistakes in calculations. They say about a person completely deprived of hearing for music: “A bear stepped on his ear.” “On fish fur” means not protecting from the cold, not warming. We are talking about bad outerwear. "Shedding crocodile tears." - It is hypocritical to complain, feigned, insincere regret. "The first swallow." - the earliest, very first signs of the appearance, onset of something, etc.

Does a dragonfly jump? Of course not. They fly well and can hover in the air, but since childhood, when reading I.A. Krylov’s fable, we are accustomed to hearing:

"Jumping dragonfly

The red summer sang..."

Maybe the Russian fabulist confused her with someone else? Or is this a deliberate mistake? I.A. Krylov wanted to contrast the male industriousness of the ant with the female frivolity of the dragonfly in order to give the fable a folk, Russian flavor, because the Russian literary language of that period was taking the first steps towards rapprochement with folk speech.

Nevertheless, the winged Krylov expression turned out to be tenacious. Subsequently, a frivolous and flighty person began to be called a jumping dragonfly or simply a jumping dragonfly. This is exactly what the heroine of A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Jumper” was like.

In Russian proverbs, a goat is looked at clearly negatively. Firstly, there is no particular use from it. “He, like a goat, has neither wool nor milk,” they say about a useless person. Secondly, he interferes where he shouldn’t: let the goat into the garden. And the biblical expression to separate the sheep from the goats means “to distinguish good from bad.” It is worth recalling that in the speech of modern youth this word is one of the strongest swear words.

They don't like goats either. According to the observations of V.I. Dahl, a goat in the popular language means “a lively and restless girl.” Among Russian peasants, the goat was a cow for the poor and did not play a special role in life.

§ I . Phraseology as a science.

Phraseology (gr. phrasis - “expression”, logos - “science”), a linguistic discipline that studies stable combinations of words with a completely or partially rethought meaning - phraseological units (or phraseological units - PU). Phraseology studies only such combinations of words existing in speech, the total meaning of which is not equal to the sum of the individual meanings of the words that make up the phraseological phrase.

A phraseological unit is a stable and indivisible phrase that has a figurative meaning and does not follow from the meaning of its constituent words. The peculiarity of phraseological units is that they are understandable to any native speaker and do not require explanation. This suggests that phraseological units carry within them the experience of previous generations, the experience of a nation, its cultural heritage.

A phraseological unit is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic unity of phraseological units can vary over a fairly wide range: from the inability to deduce the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words in phraseological combinations (idioms) to phraseological combinations with a meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combinations.

§ II . Founders of phraseological dictionaries.

Phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. Speech is a way of communication between people. In order to achieve complete mutual understanding, to express one’s thoughts more clearly and figuratively, many lexical techniques are used, in particular, phraseological units - stable figures of speech that have independent meaning and are characteristic of a particular language. Often, simple words are not enough to achieve a certain speech effect. Irony, bitterness, love, mockery, your own attitude to what is happening - all this can be expressed much more accurately and emotionally. We often use phraseological units in everyday speech, sometimes without even noticing - after all, some of them are simple, familiar and familiar from childhood. Many of the phraseological units came to us from other languages, eras, fairy tales, and legends.

From the phraseological dictionary of the Russian language we know that a phraseological unit, or phraseological unit, is a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning.

Phraseologisms are very similar to words: they have their own lexical meanings, are not constructed by speakers during speech, like ordinary sentences or phrases, but are retrieved from memory in ready-made form. Only a phraseological unit is a compound word, glued together from several simple words.

Already in the “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” (1789-1794), M.V. Lomonosov’s remark about the need to include in special collections and explanatory dictionaries under various names “Russian proverbs”, “phrases”, “ideomatisms”, i.e. was partially implemented. catchphrases, aphorisms, idioms, proverbs and sayings.

A phraseological unit is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. From the book “The History of Phraseological Units” we know that phraseological units have existed throughout the history of language.

The creation of a basis for the study of stable combinations of words in the modern Russian literary language belongs to academician V.V. Vinogradov. The emergence of phraseology as a linguistic discipline in Russian science is associated with the name of Vinogradov. He revealed that the presence of a word with a related meaning in combination creates a phraseological unit (P.E.).

What is a dictionary for us today? Normalization, correctness, sample. And Dahl, compiling the dictionary, was more of a poet than a linguist. Dahl's dictionary is no longer about how it is correct, but about how it is possible! Dahl introduced into the modern literary language of his era unkempt thickets of living folk speech, with lush clearings of dialects and phraseological units.

We can say that Dahl scoured the nooks and crannies of the empire of the Russian language, like a bloodhound, like a hungry beast - in search of treasures that folk speech had created over the centuries. How can you not admire the depth of this man - two hundred thousand words! Three thousand proverbs and sayings! But he did not let up, did not stop adding to his dictionary - until his death! Let us admire along with Pushkin, who told a friend: “Your meeting is not a simple idea, not a hobby. Accumulating treasures for years - and suddenly opening the chests in front of amazed contemporaries and descendants!” The result of this titanic work was the creation of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” and the book “Proverbs of the Russian People” (1862).

Ivan Mikhailovich Snegirev, in essence, was the first Russian researcher of proverbs. He wrote several articles and books about them, he also compiled collections of Russian proverbs and studied them all his life. Author of the works “Russians in their proverbs”, “Russian folk proverbs and parables” (1848). In this study, Snegirev closely links proverbs and sayings with Russian history, with the history of law, and laws. It is also interesting to note the fact that Snegirev in these books distinguishes between general and local proverbs. In his further works, he cited hundreds of local proverbs and sayings, explained their origin, and indicated the area or region where they appeared.

Winged Words" by the outstanding Russian ethnographer and writer Sergei Vasilievich Maksimov is an amazing work that unites the best principles of Russian culture and literature. His book contains more than a hundred brightly written essays telling about the history of the origin of figurative expressions commonly used in our speech, including such as “to sharpen Lyasy", "Seven Fridays", "stoves-benches", "smoke with a rocker"... This rare book will be useful not only for literature specialists, students, pupils. Any Russian-speaking person will read it with enthusiasm.

M.I. Mikhelson is a collector and interpreter of Russian phraseology, a writer, an encyclopedist, and the author of several textbooks. One of the largest works of his time was his explanatory dictionary of the Russian language “Russian thought and speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology". Collection of figurative words and parables. Walking and apt words. A collection of Russian and foreign quotes, proverbs, sayings, proverbial expressions and individual words (allegory). The dictionary includes over 11,000 entries that contain quotes, proverbs, proverbial expressions and allegories found in Russian oral speech and literature and in five languages ​​(Latin, French, English, German, Italian) with examples from foreign language classical sources (indicating the authors and works).

The “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” (1967) contains more than 4,000 phraseological units. In 1980, the “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, compiled by V.P. Zhukov, was published. The dictionary contains over 4,000 developments of phraseological units of the Russian language. For each phraseological unit, interpretations of its meanings are given, forms of use of the phraseological unit, its synonyms and antonyms are given. Using examples from Russian literature, the use of phraseological units in speech is shown.

The most important are the works of the outstanding Soviet linguist B. A. Larin, which have not lost their relevance to this day, and reflect the main directions of the scientist’s research in the field of historical lexicology and phraseology.

§ III. Types of phraseological units.

Phraseologisms are already difficult in themselves: in addition to their characteristic features, we need to remember about their meaning, which, by the way, is not always “derived” from the meanings of the component words.

It is by the “confluence” of meanings that phraseological units are divided into:

1. phraseological adjunctions,

2. phraseological unities,

3. phraseological combinations,

4. phraseological expressions.

1.Phraseological units, or idioms, are lexical indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included below. Phraseological adhesions, therefore, are a striking example of the maximum “cohesion” of the components of a phraseological unit. As the most characteristic features of fusions, we note the following: lexical indivisibility, semantic cohesion, one member of the sentence. In general, phraseological fusions most clearly demonstrate the concept of “phraseologism”.

The category of phraseological adhesions is perfectly illustrated by the phraseological unit “to kick the bucket.” To be lazy means to be idle, to spend time idly. This expression is clear to everyone, but its “literal” meaning has little to do with the “ultimate” meaning: logs were called logs, and accordingly, to beat the logs was to cut logs, process them in a special way (it was from this wood that spoons were later made). In other words, kicking the bucket was not such an easy task. As we see, the meaning of the entire expression is not deduced from the meaning of its individual components; what we have before us is truly a phraseological fusion.

Among other examples of idioms, we note the most significant units for us:

from the bay-floundering; inside out; hand on heart; from small to large; on bare feet; in the middle of the day; canny; be amazed, etc.

2. Phraseological units are lexically indivisible - to the extent they are already motivated by the figurative meaning of the words that make up a given phrase. Distinctive features of phraseological unities are the ability to “understand” the meaning both in the literal and figurative sense, as well as the possibility of inserting other words between the components of a phraseological unit.

Let's consider the expression “grist to the mill,” which means “to indirectly help someone through one’s actions and behavior.” This expression “gets along” well with both the direct meaning (i.e., literally pouring water into a mill - into a water mill that rotates under the influence of the power of water), and with the figurative meaning, with which we are already familiar. In addition, this expression is often found with inserts of pronouns and adjectives: pour water into your mill, pour water into my mill, pour water into his mill, pour water into someone else’s mill, etc.

Vivid examples of phraseological unities are the expressions: splurge, keep a stone in your bosom, go with the flow, go into your shell, suck blood and milk out of your finger; first violin, freezing point, inclined plane, center of gravity, specific gravity, etc.

3. Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, the meaning of which completely depends on the meaning of their constituent components. In other words, such phraseological units retain relative semantic independence, manifesting their meaning in an extremely closed circle of words. As a rule, in such phraseological units we can distinguish a constant member, which does not change, this is a kind of basis for the expression, and a variable member, i.e. capable of change, vary. For example, the expression “tearfully beg” may look like “tearfully beg”, etc. This means that “tearfully” is a constant component, and “beg”, “ask”, etc. are variable components. Similarly: you can burn out of shame; from shame; from shame; from love; envy, etc.. It can be taken by melancholy, thoughtfulness, annoyance, anger, fear, horror, envy, hunting, laughter, etc. Despite the variety of options for the variable component, phraseological combinations require only a certain set of words - quite closed: for example, you cannot say “ takes loneliness" or "takes illness." As a rule, such expressions are “friends” with their synonyms: to affect a sense of honor - to hurt a sense of honor.

4. Phraseological expressions are combinations of words that are reproduced as ready-made speech units. The lexical composition and meaning of such phraseological units is constant. The meaning of phraseological expressions depends on the meaning of the words included in their phraseological units of this type do not contain words with limited meaning. It is also impossible to replace components in phraseological expressions. Phraseological expressions include proverbs, sayings, quotes, sayings that have acquired the features of generalization, i.e. turned into metaphors.

These are lexical units known to many: if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat to live, not live to eat; the dog barks - the wind blows; a rolling stone gathers no moss; like a dog in the manger: it doesn’t eat itself and won’t give it to the cattle; you can't see the forest for the trees; that's where the dog is buried; man in a case; Trishkin caftan; wise minnow; and the casket simply opened; to be or not to be: that is the question; No matter how you feed the wolf, he still looks into the forest, etc.

§I V . Origin of zoomorphisms.

Zoomorphisms in phraseology have a number of distinctive features:

1. Zoomorphisms are stable phrases containing the direct name of an animal.
2. Zoomorphisms always have a figurative meaning of “person”.
3. Zoomorphism carries an assessment of human actions or behavior.

There are four main sources of their origin:

1. Human observations of the properties and behavioral characteristics of animals.

2. Biblical stories.

3. Ancient mythology and history.

4.Artworks.

It is not difficult to guess that the most extensive and complete source of knowledge about animals is human observations. Animals not only surround a person and are an essential part of his life, they are in constant interaction with people and actively influence a person’s emotional life. Therefore, since ancient times, people in their imagination began to attribute to animals certain qualities that are more characteristic of humans than of animals. Everyone knows that a hare, hiding from possible danger, always tries to stay in bushes or thickets and move less so as not to attract attention to itself. ancient people believed that the hare was cowardly because it hid in the bushes, i.e. transferred to the animal traits characteristic of humans. But this alone is not enough for the emergence of zoomorphisms. Then another event happened: people began to believe that a cowardly person is like a hare. This is how the phraseological unit “Cowardly as a hare” appeared.

Thus, zoomorphisms reflect centuries-old human observations of the appearance and habits of animals, convey the attitude of people towards their “smaller brothers”, and carry information about the typical features of the animal.

Thus, phraseological units with animal names reflect physical qualities and capabilities:

1.Strong (hardy) like a horse, weak like a chicken, swims like a fish, keen-sighted like a lynx, scent like a dog, dexterous like a monkey, etc.;

2. Appearance: black like a raven, goatee, wasp waist, dry like a roach, with a gulkin (sparrow) nose, thick like a hog, etc.;

3. Mental qualities (character traits): stubborn like a bull, a donkey, stubborn like a ram, cocky like a rooster, annoying like a fly, gloomy like a biryuk, etc.;

4. Intelligence: stupid as a gray gelding, stare like a ram at a new gate, cunning like a fox, this is a no brainer, etc.;

5. Habits, abilities, skills: chatter like a magpie, cackle like a jackdaw, dumb like a fish, ostrich politics, repeat like a parrot, etc.

Components-names of animals easily pass into the category of words-symbols, reflecting people’s ideas about different animals. These are the components of the phraseology: hardworking like a bee, clawed goose (about an unreliable or stupid person), cunning like a fox, fearless like a lion, obedient like a lamb, and others.

Everyone is well aware of the phraseology “scapegoat”, which is used in the sense of: a person who is always blamed on someone else, responsibility for other people’s misdeeds. The origin of this zoomorphism goes back to the Bible. According to biblical tradition, the ancient Jews had a ritual: on a special day of absolution, the high priest laid his hands on the head of a live goat, thereby transferring the sins of his people onto it. After this, the goat was expelled and “released” into the desert along with human sins.

A special group of phraseological units consists of phrases that have their roots in the depths of the ancient era. The source of such phraseological units is history and mythology. Examples of such zoomorphisms include the white crow, the crow in peacock feathers, the mountain gave birth to a mouse, the first swallow, the Trojan horse, and the golden fleece.

The origin of zoomorphism white crow is interesting. As you know, black sheep are people who stand out sharply from the background of the team with their behavior, appearance or life position. Nature often makes mistakes and mistakes, which modern science interprets as failures in the genetic code or mutations. The most common examples are perhaps white rabbits and mice. Such deviations were called a special term - albinism. Accordingly, animals suffering from this disease are albinos. And it is very rare to find an albino crow. The ancient Roman poet Juvenal, using this fact, uttered his famous pearl: “A slave can become king, captives can wait for triumph. Only the lucky one of such a rare white crow...” So the authorship of the phrase so widely used now belongs to a Roman who lived 2000 years ago.

In our speech, we often use various apt expressions from the works of writers and poets. For example, regretting that we did not notice the most important thing, we say in the words of I. A. Krylov’s fable: “I didn’t even notice the elephant.” Accurate expressions that entered the Russian language from literary works are called catchwords, which have acquired a broad, figurative meaning. Among the winged words there are many phrases that are no different from phraseological units that arose in colloquial speech: a crow in peacock feathers, a monkey's work, a disservice, neither a peahen nor a crow, and Vaska listens and eats (I.A. Krylov), a bear's corner ( P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky), shoe a flea (N.S. Leskov), ugly duckling (G.H. Andersen).

§ V . Differences between phraseological units and popular expressions, proverbs and sayings.

Phraseologisms express the essence of rather complex phenomena. The fact is that in phraseological units, words acquire special meanings, which requires memorizing them in their entirety: you need to remember both their verbal composition and their meaning. But this turns out to be not enough. It is necessary to know the situation in which one or another phraseological unit can be used. Understand the figurative foundation embedded in it; what shades it contains, what color it has.

But there is no need to confuse catchphrases and phraseological units. Phraseologisms are popular expressions that do not have an author. Phraseology is inherent in every modern language, but there are a number of differences due to which it is unacceptable to generalize phraseological units. Phraseology is the use of stable phrases and statements in a language that have a certain, not always objective, meaning.

Catchphrases are statements by famous people, or quotes from literary works that have become firmly established in speech and are the definition of a particular action, event or object. Proverbs and sayings have their roots in the past of the people. This is a kind of folk wisdom that has not lost its relevance to this day. A striking subject of the popular expression are the words of Galileo Galilei spoken during the inquisitorial trial, as a sign of confirmation of the fidelity of his theory about the rotation of the Earth around the Sun: “But still it rotates,” which means devotion to one’s views and rejection of someone else’s false position.

Incomparable Russian proverbs, which have reached us through many centuries, are also integral to the Russian language. What can more vividly describe a person’s premature, unsupported joy than the old Russian proverb “If you don’t wait for the evening, there is nothing to praise”!

Sayings and proverbs contain the wisdom of the people, their deep understanding of surrounding things, which finds expression in sharp expressions. Old Russian proverbs are often based on historical events and pagan beliefs.

The proverb, “Like the khan, like the horde,” originated during the invasion of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and means that it depends on the leader what his subordinate will be like, be it the head of state, family or army.

Proverbs are set expressions that are often used in conversation in the form of comparison. They give speeches special clarity. Vivid examples of sayings are the expressions: “like two peas in a pod” (similar to each other), “out of the blue” (suddenly), “easy in sight” (with the unexpected appearance of the person about whom there was a conversation at that moment).

Chapter II. Research part.

Students of grades 5 “B” and 6 “B” were offered an anonymous questionnaire of 6 questions. The purpose of the survey was to identify schoolchildren’s knowledge of phraseological units, their use in speech and meaning. A total of 42 people took part in the survey.

In order to conduct the research, we conducted a survey of students in grades 5 “B” and 6 “B”. Both groups received the same questionnaires with the same questions. Our diagram shows only a positive answer; we wanted to display knowledge on our topic.

Questions from the questionnaire.

1.What is a phraseological unit?

2. How do you understand the meaning of phraseological units:

A. Shedding crocodile tears -

B. Chickens don’t peck -

B. To divide the skin of an unkilled bear -

D. Making a mountain out of a mountain -

3. How often do you use phraseological units in your speech? Give one example of a phraseological unit.

The result was interesting and unexpected. The first question was not difficult for the students; almost everyone answered correctly. They know the definition well, well done

And the well-known expression “shed crocodile tears” turned out to be difficult for grade 6 “B”; many thought that this phraseology meant crying a lot. And 5 “B” thought that the crocodile was crying loudly. To the third question, both classes believe that the expression “the chickens don’t peck” means a lack of something. Strange, isn't it? In fact, the meaning of the saying is the opposite of the guys’ answer: chickens don’t peck because there is an excess of something, for example money.

When we were choosing phraseological units, for the fourth question it was decided to choose an infrequently used phraseological unit, for the complexity of the work, and imagine our surprise when the guys answered correctly. So, “Sharing the skin of an unkilled bear”,

means talking about what has not yet been done. You haven't killed the bear yet, and you're already deciding what you're going to do with the skin.

For the fifth question, we chose the most famous expression: “making a mountain out of a molehill” -

exaggerate. Everyone answered correctly, this result was expected.

The sixth question also did not make it difficult for the students, many of whom know phraseological units, but do not use them often.

It is better to get acquainted with phraseological units with the help of dictionaries. Not everyone, unfortunately, uses dictionaries, but it is there that you can learn many new and interesting sayings and get acquainted with the history of their origin. Phraseologisms will decorate your speech, arouse the interlocutor’s interest, and sometimes even a smile.

Conclusion

As a result of studying the origin of phraseological units - zoomorphisms, their classification from various points of view, style groups, we achieved our goal.

Phraseologisms with animal names surround us everywhere: in fiction, journalism, as well as in oral and written speech. Zoomorphisms are the result of observations and interactions between man and nature, man and the animals, birds and other representatives of the fauna around him. Therefore, this area of ​​phraseology is of great interest for the study of animals. After all, knowledge of zoomorphisms will not only make speech brighter and richer, but will also give an understanding of animals and their characteristics.

Summarizing the above, we can now truly assert that phraseological units associated with images of the animal world can be combined into one thematic group based on a historical analysis of their formation on the principle of analogies and associations.

In search of truth, we turned to the myths and legends of ancient peoples, reread fables and fairy tales familiar from childhood, looked for forgotten meanings of words in dictionaries, and studied the habits of animals.

The goal of our phraseological journey was the desire to plunge into the depth of stable combinations, measure their phraseological bottom, and identify the history, causes and conditions of their occurrence. We saw how many difficulties the historian of phraseology faces, how much data (linguistic, historical, folklore, ethnographic, etc.) the measurement of this bottom requires of him.

B.A. Larin was right when he wrote: “Semantics is the area that makes it possible to achieve the utmost accuracy of research.”

Phraseologisms make speech more capacious and figurative. However, this only happens when the speaker not only knows the general meaning of the phraseological unit, but also understands its internal essence: the evaluative nature, the history of its occurrence, which often determine the essence.

Nowadays, new expressions are born. They first appear in spoken language. Tracing the path to the origin of such expressions is fascinating and useful. There are special stable expressions among people of different professions in our time. They are usually known only to people of this profession. And identifying them is also very important for science, because in their formation the same laws apply as in the formation of popular phraseology.

List of used literature:

1.Vvedenskaya L.A., Baranov M.T., Gvozdarev Yu.A.: “Vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language.”

2.Vinogradov V.V. Basic concepts of Russian phraseology as a linguistic discipline. - L., 1944.

3. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. Multimedia technologies-M. 2003.

4. Zhukov V.P. “School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.” M. Education. 1994.

5. Zhukov V.P., Zhukov A.V. “School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.” Moscow, 1989.

6. Krylov I.S. Fables. Kalmyk book publishing house. 1979.

7. Maksimov S. V. Winged words: According to the interpretation of S. Maksimov / Afterword. and note. N. S. Ashukina. - M.: Goslitizdat, 1955. - 448 p.

8. Mokienko V.M. Into the depth of the proverb. St. Petersburg, “Avalon”, 2006

9. Molotkov A.I. “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language.” M, 1986).

10. Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language (edited by N.Yu. Shvedova). M., 1989

11. Otkupshchikov Yu.V. To the origins of the word L. Enlightenment. 1968.

12. Snegirev, Ivan Mikhailovich // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

13. Modern Russian language M. Enlightenment. 1996

14. Ushakova O.D. Why do they say that? S-P. Litera. 2007.

15. Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language. – M.: Higher School, 1985.

Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and became entrenched in people's speech. The expression is endowed with imagery and may have a figurative meaning. Over time, an expression can take on a broad meaning in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.

The phraseological unit as a whole has lexical meaning. The words included in a phraseological unit individually do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (raise to heaven - trample into the dirt). A phraseological unit in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, playing the fool), relationships in society (bosom friend, putting a spoke in the wheels), personal qualities (turning up his nose, sour face), etc. Phraseologisms make a statement expressive and create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, journalism, and everyday speech. Set expressions are also called idioms. There are many idioms in other languages ​​- English, Japanese, Chinese, French.

To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list or on the page below.

Phraseologisms are popular expressions that do not have an author. Authorship doesn't matter. These “highlights” have become firmly established in our language, and are perceived as a natural element of speech, coming from the people, from the depths of centuries.

Phraseologisms are a decoration of speech. Imagery, which is easily perceived in native speech, becomes a stumbling block in a foreign language. We absorb our language model with mother's milk.

For example, when you say “a storehouse of knowledge”, you don’t think about the fact that a storehouse is a well! Because when you say this, you don’t mean a well at all, but an intelligent person, from whom, like from a well, you can draw useful information.

Phraseologisms and their meanings Examples

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression and enhance its meaning.

Since water plays a big role in human life, it is not surprising that there are so many phraseological units associated with it:

• Water doesn't cloud your mind.
• Water doesn't cry for water.
• The water is breaking the dam.
• Water will find a way.

Below, as examples, are phraseological units that are somehow related to water:

Beat the key– about a stormy, eventful, fertile life: by analogy with a gushing spring in comparison with calmly flowing sources of water.

Fight like a fish on ice- persistent but vain efforts, fruitless activities

Storm in a teacup- great anxiety over a trivial matter.

Written on the water with a pitchfork– it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”

You can't spill it with water- about strong friendship

Carry water in a sieve- waste time, do useless things Similar to: pounding water in a mortar

I put water in my mouth- is silent and doesn't want to answer

Carry water(on sb.) - burden him with hard work, taking advantage of his flexible nature

Still waters run deep- about someone who is quiet, humble only in appearance

Come out dry from water- without bad consequences, go unpunished

Bring to light- to expose, to catch in a lie

Drive the wave- carry gossip, provoke scandals

Ninth wave- severe test (high wave)

Money is like water — meaning the ease with which they are spent

To stay afloat — be able to cope with circumstances and conduct business successfully

Blow on water after getting burned on milk- be overly cautious, remembering past mistakes

Wait by the sea for weather- wait for favorable conditions that are unlikely to happen

From empty to empty (pour)- engage in empty, meaningless reasoning

As two drops of water- similar, indistinguishable

Like looking into the water- foresaw, accurately predicted events, as if he knew in advance

How he sank into the water- disappeared without a trace, disappeared without a trace

Down in the mouth- sad, sad

It's raining like buckets- heavy rain

Like water through your fingers- one who easily escapes persecution

How do you not know the ford? , then don't go into the water- warning not to take hasty action

How to give something to drink- accurately, undoubtedly, easily, quickly; as easy as giving a traveler a drink

Like a fish in water- very well oriented, understand something well, feel confident

Like water off a duck's back- no one cares about anything

Out of the blue- unexpectedly, suddenly

A drop wears away a stone — 0b perseverance and perseverance

Sink into oblivion- To be consigned to oblivion, to disappear without a trace and forever

Crocodile tears- insincere compassion

Swim in gold- to be very rich

The ice has broken- the matter has begun

Fish in troubled waters- to benefit for oneself without advertising it

Much water has passed under the bridge(since then) - a lot of time has passed

Reckless- about a decisive, gallant, courageous person

Sea of ​​tears- cry a lot

Darker than a cloud- very angry

Muddy the waters- deliberately confuse, confuse or cause confusion

On the wave of success- take advantage of the opportunity

On the crest of a wave- is in favorable conditions

At the bottom- low (including in a figurative sense)

Build up the atmosphere- exaggerate the seriousness of the situation

You cannot enter the same river (water) twice- you can enter the stream of water again, but it will no longer be the same, because in life you cannot repeat some moments, you cannot experience them twice

If we don't wash, we'll just ride- not in one way, but in another, by any means (to achieve something, to annoy someone). The expression comes from the speech of village washerwomen

Slurping not salty- return profit-free

Live from bread to water- to be in poverty, to starve

To pour (water) from empty to empty- engage in monotonous, meaningless activities

Washing the bones- to slander, gossip, gossip about someone

Fill up the cup- make you nervous

To go with the flow- submit to the influence of circumstances, the course of events

After the rain on Thursday- never. The phraseological unit is associated with the veneration of the god Perun (the god of thunder and lightning) by the ancient Slavs. Thursday was dedicated to him. In Christian times the expression began to express complete distrust

Last straw- something after which a turning point occurs

Pass fire, water and copper pipes- survive life's trials, difficult situations

A dime a dozen- a large number of

Flog a dead horse- a useless matter Similarly:

Pound water in a mortar- engage in useless, empty work

Seventh water on jelly- distant relatives

Seven feet under the keel- have a good, unobstructed road

Don't drink water from your face- they persuade you to love a person not for external data, but for internal qualities or other less visible advantages.

Hide the ends in water- hide traces of the crime.

Quieter than water, below the grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously

Wash your hands- to distance yourself from something, to relieve oneself of responsibility for something. Among some ancient peoples, judges and prosecutors performed a symbolic ritual as a sign of their impartiality: they washed their hands. The expression became widespread thanks to the Gospel legend, according to which Pilate, forced to agree to the execution of Jesus, washed his hands in front of the crowd and said: “I am innocent of the blood of this Righteous One.”

Now let’s look at the relationships between phraseological units and catchphrases.

In modern science, it is customary to distinguish several types of phraseological units. First of all, the so-called idioms are distinguished. These include such stable phrases that have a continuous, undivided meaning, that is, a meaning that is not the sum of the meanings of the words of the phrase. Idioms are represented in the language by two types: phraseological adjuncts and phraseological unities. Phraseological fusion is a turnover of a figurative or ugly nature, the meaning of which is more fully motivated by the meanings of the components that form it. For example: “distribution of elephants” (“about criticism of each of those present”), “seventh water on jelly” (“about distant relationships”), etc. Phraseological unity is a figurative phrase, the meaning of which is to one degree or another motivated by the meaning of the words that form it. For example: “kindergarten” (“about the manifestation of naivety, immaturity in behavior, in evaluating something”), “making mountains out of molehills” (“attaching great importance to the insignificant”), etc.

Many linguists, following Academician V.V. Vinogradov classifies as phraseological units only phrases that are grammatically and logically equivalent to a phrase. Some scientists also include in their composition those proverbs and catchwords that, having a figurative meaning, can represent a whole sentence, and in logical content - a judgment.

Periphrases are also adjacent to phraseological unities, but now this is of little interest to us, since we have reached the main object - catchphrases.

So, the main problem is that most scientists do not classify catchphrases as phraseological units, since the former are sentences in their structure, and phraseological units, by definition, are limited to phrases. From this point of view, they are, of course, right. But you should think about the fact that popular expressions, that is, aphorisms and quotes that have entered into everyday use from literary and journalistic works, are not always sentences in their structure. According to researchers N.S. and M.G. Ashukins, the term “winged words” “denotes short quotes, figurative expressions, names of mythological and literary characters that have become household names included in our speech from literary sources (Hercules, Tartuffe, Khlestakov), figurative compressed characteristics of historical figures (“father of Russian aviation”, “ the sun of Russian poetry”, etc.). In turn, this category of figurative expressions was called “Winged Words” by the German scientist Georg Buchmann on the grounds that they became widespread, flying as if on wings from mouth to mouth.

Often the term “winged words” is interpreted in a broader sense: it refers to folk sayings, all kinds of figurative expressions that arose not only from literary sources, but also in everyday life. Such an expanded meaning to the term “winged words” was given by the ethnographer S.V. Maximov.

In the preface to the dictionary N.S. and M.G. Ashukins wrote the following: “Among the winged words there are those that are not genuine quotes from any literary source, but expressions created on the basis of it, condensing its meaning in a brief form; but when these expressions appeared in a later short form and to whom they belong is not always possible to establish precisely; such, for example, are the expressions: “forbidden fruit” (from biblical mythology), “sow the dragon’s teeth” (from ancient mythology), “Potemkin villages” (from memoirs of the 18th century).

It is difficult to decide in each individual case whether the winged word belongs to the author of a given monument of ancient writing, and from here passed into literary speech, or whether it was created by the people and first recorded by the author of a given monument.

The same problems are caused by another layer of popular expressions. Doubts often arise when classifying figurative combinations that arose from literary works of the recent past. It is not always possible to say with certainty whether this or that expression belongs to the author of a given work or whether the writer heard it from the lips of the people. For example, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is credited with the expression “lamb in a piece of paper”, used as a synonym for bribe. Meanwhile, this is an old saying, born among clerks. L.N. Tolstoy is often called the author of the expression “There is nowhere to let the chicken go,” used as a figurative definition of peasant land shortage in tsarist Russia. However, Tolstoy put into the mouth of the peasant in “The Fruits of Enlightenment” only an old folk saying.

So expressions of this kind (related to one of the cases listed here) constitute the area of ​​intersection of two figures, one of which is a set of phraseological units proper, and the other is a set of catchphrases.

Phraseologisms they call stable combinations of words, figures of speech such as: “knuckle down”, “hang your nose”, “give a headache”... A figure of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not consist of the meanings of its constituent words. It only works as a single unit, a lexical unit.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression, to enhance its meaning.

When forming phraseological units, some components acquire the status of optional (optional): “Components of a phraseological unit that can be omitted in individual cases of its use are called optional components of a phraseological unit, and the phenomenon itself, as a feature of the form of a phraseological unit, is called the optionality of the components of a phraseological unit.

The first component of the turnover may be optional, optional, i.e. the expression will still sound without it.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their rearrangements, for which they are also called stable phrases.

Through thick and thin can't be pronounced no matter what happens to me or by all means, A protect like the pupil of the eye instead of cherish as the apple of your eye.

There are of course exceptions: puzzle over or rack your brains, take by surprise And take someone by surprise, but such cases are rare.

Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:

headlong- fast,

close at hand- close.

The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative and figurative meaning.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams- from the tailor's speech acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.

Confound- from the speech of railway workers it passed into general use in the meaning of causing confusion.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

Watch “PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES. Meanings of phraseological units"

Channel "RAZUMNIKI" on YouTube

Phraseologisms about school

Phraseologisms from ancient Greek mythology

There are native Russian phraseological units, but there are also borrowed ones, including phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient Greek mythology.

Tantalum flour- unbearable torment from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. (An analogue of the Russian proverb: “The elbow is close, but you won’t bite”). Tantalus is a hero, the son of Zeus and Pluto, who reigned in the region of Mount Sipila in southern Phrygia (Asia Minor) and was famous for his wealth. According to Homer, for his crimes Tantalus was punished in the underworld with eternal torment: standing up to his neck in water, he cannot get drunk, since the water immediately recedes from his lips; from the trees surrounding it hang branches weighed down with fruits, which rise upward as soon as Tantalus reaches out to them.

Augean stables- a heavily clogged, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying around in disarray. The phraseology comes from the name of the huge stables of the Elidian king Augeas, which had not been cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules, the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, channeling the waters of two stormy rivers through them.

Sisyphus's work- useless, endless hard work, fruitless work. The expression comes from the ancient Greek legend about Sisyphus, a famous cunning man who was able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades: he had to roll a heavy stone up a mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all the work had to be started again.

Sing the praises- to immoderately, enthusiastically praise, praise someone or something. It arose from the name of dithyrambs - songs of praise in honor of the god of wine and the vine, Dionysus, which were sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Golden Rain- large sums of money. The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argive king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was subsequently born. Danaë, showered with gold coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, etc. Hence also the expressions “golden rain is pouring,” “golden rain will pour.” Titian. Danae.

Throw thunder and lightning- scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing or threatening someone. It arose from ideas about Zeus - the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people he disliked with the help of lightning, terrifying in its power, forged by Hephaestus.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread- something that helps you find a way out of a difficult situation. By the name of Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull, half-man Minotaur, to escape safely from the underground labyrinth with the help of a ball of thread.

Achilles' heel- a weak side, a weak spot of something. In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; it is sung in Homer's Iliad. A post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that Achilles' mother, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him in the sacred river Styx; while dipping, she held him by the heel, which was not touched by the water, so the heel remained Achilles’s only vulnerable spot, where he was mortally wounded by Paris’s arrow.

Gifts of the Danaans (Trojan Horse)- insidious gifts that bring with them death for those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to cunning: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and pretended to sail away from the shore of the Troas. Priest Laocoon, who knew about the Danaans’ cunning, saw this horse and exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, hiding inside the horse, came out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who had returned on ships, and thus took possession of Troy.

Between Scylla and Charybdis- to find yourself between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides. According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, who devoured sailors. “Scylla, ... barking incessantly, With a piercing squeal, similar to the squeal of a young puppy, the entire surrounding area of ​​monsters resounds... Not a single sailor could pass by her unharmed With ease the ship: with all its toothed jaws open, At once she, six people from the ship abducts... Closer you will see another rock... Terribly the whole sea under that rock is disturbed by Charybdis, absorbing three times a day and spewing out black moisture three times a day. Don’t you dare approach when he’s devouring: Poseidon himself will not save you from certain death then...”

Promethean fire sacred fire burning in the human soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, and social work. Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from the sky and taught people how to use it, thereby undermining faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; The eagle that flew in every day tormented the liver of the chained titan.

Apple of discord- subject, cause of dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (2nd century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” between the guests at the wedding feast. Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should receive the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

Sink into oblivion- to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace and forever. From the name Lethe - the river of oblivion in the underground kingdom of Hades, from which the souls of the dead drank water and forgot their entire past life.

Phraseologisms with the word “WATER”

Phraseologisms with the word “NOS”

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning. The nose is an organ of smell, but in stable phrases the nose is associated primarily with the idea of ​​something small and short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Kolobok to come within her reach and get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always refer to the organ of smell. It also has other meanings.

Phraseologisms with the word “MOUTH, LIPS”

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

Phraseologisms with the word “HAND”

Phraseologisms with the word “HEAD”

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units that are somehow related to hearing. Harsh words primarily affect the ears. In many established expressions, the word ears does not mean the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Phraseologisms with the word “TOOTH”

There are quite a large number of stable expressions with the word tooth in the Russian language. Among them there is a noticeable group of phraseological units in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable human conditions.

Phraseologisms with the word “CHEST, BACK”

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are also positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Phraseologisms with the word “LANGUAGE”

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with it that the idea of ​​​​the ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of ​​speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

Phraseologisms with the word “LITTLE”

Correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

PHRASEOLOGISTS IN PICTURES

See if the phraseological units are illustrated correctly, and tell me how you understand their meaning?

Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological units:

We walked literally along the town and...
And we were so tired on the road that we could barely...

Your comrade asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, this will help your friend...

They falsify, they confuse the words, they sing into the forest...
The guys won't listen to them:
This song makes my ears...